Rate equation - Revision history

181.167.8.55: /* Parallel or competitive reactions */

2014-11-12T15:01:35Z

Parallel or competitive reactions

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:01, 12 November 2014
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134.74.204.9: /* Stoichiometric reaction networks */ Pointed steady state link to the steady state article relating to chemistry.

2014-02-20T00:15:11Z

Stoichiometric reaction networks: Pointed steady state link to the steady state article relating to chemistry.

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:15, 20 February 2014
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	In [[finance]], a '''barrier option''' is an [[exotic derivatives\|exotic]] [[derivative (finance)\|derivative]] typically an [[option (finance)\|option]] on the [[underlying\|underlying asset]] whose price breaching the pre-set ''barrier level'' either springs the option into existence or extinguishes an already existing option.
	*Where the option springs into existence on the price of the underlying asset breaching a barrier, it may be known as an "up and ~~in," "knock~~-~~in," or "down and in" option.~~
	*Where the option is extinguished on the price of the underlying asset breaching a ~~barrier, it may be known as an "up and out," "knock-out," or "down~~ and ~~out" option.~~

	~~Barrier options are always cheaper than a similar option without barrier. Thus, barrier options were created to provide the insurance value of an option without charging as~~ much ~~premium. For example, if you believe that IBM will go~~ up ~~this year, but are willing to bet that it won't go above $200, then you can buy the barrier and pay less premium than the vanilla option~~.

	~~==Types==~~
	~~Barrier options are path-dependent [[Exotic derivatives\|exotic]]s that are similar in some ways to ordinary [[Option~~ (~~finance)\|options]]. You can~~ [~~[Call option\|call]] or [[Put option\|put]] in [[American option\|American]], [[Bermudan option\|Bermudan]], or [[European option\|European]] exercise style~~. ~~But they become activated (or extinguished) only if the underlying reaches a predetermined level (the barrier)~~.

	~~"In" options start their lives worthless and only become active in the event that a predetermined knock-in barrier price is breached~~. ~~"Out" options start their lives active and become null and void in the event~~ that ~~a certain knock-out barrier price is breached.~~

	~~If the option expires inactive, then it may be worthless, or~~ there ~~may be a cash rebate paid out as a fraction~~ of ~~the premium.~~

	~~The four main types of barrier options are:~~
	*'''Up-and-out''': spot price starts below the barrier level and ~~has~~ to ~~move up for~~ the ~~option to be knocked out.~~
	*'''Down-~~and-out'''~~: ~~spot price starts above the barrier level and has to move down for the option to become null and void~~.
	*'''Up-~~and-in''': spot price starts below the barrier level and has~~ to ~~move up for the option to become activated.~~
	*'''Down-and-in''': ~~spot price starts above the barrier level and has to move down for the option to become activated~~.

	~~For example, a European call option may be written on an underlying with spot price of $100 and a knockout barrier of $120~~. This option behaves in every way like a vanilla European call, except if the spot price ever moves above $120, the option "knocks out" and the contract is null and void. Note that the option does not reactivate if the spot price falls below $120 again. '''''Once it is out, it's out for good'''''. Also note that once it's in, it's in for good.

	~~In-out parity is~~ the ~~barrier option's answer to~~ [~~[put-call parity]]. If we combine one "in" option and one "out" barrier option with the same strikes and expirations, we get the price of a vanilla option~~: ~~<math>C=C_{in}+C_{out}<~~/~~math>~~. A simple arbitrage argument—simultaneously holding the "in" and the "out" option guarantees that exactly one of the two will pay off identically to a standard European option while the other will be worthless. ~~The argument only works for European options without rebate~~.

	==~~Barrier events~~==
	~~A ''barrier event'' occurs when the underlying crosses the barrier level. While it seems straightforward to define~~ a ~~barrier event as "underlying trades at or above a given level," in reality it's not so simple~~. ~~What if the underlying only trades at the level for a single trade? How big would that trade have~~ to ~~be? Would it have to be on an exchange~~ or ~~could it be between private parties? When barrier options were first introduced to options markets,~~ many ~~banks had legal trouble resulting from a mismatched understanding with their counterparties regarding exactly what constituted~~ a ~~barrier event~~.

	~~==Variations==~~
	~~Barrier options are sometimes accompanied by a~~ '~~'rebate'', which is a payoff to the option holder in case of a barrier event~~. ~~Rebates can either be paid at the time of the event or at expiration~~.

	*A ''discrete barrier'' is one for which the barrier event is considered ~~at discrete times~~, ~~rather than~~ the ~~normal ''continuous barrier'' case.~~

	*A ''Parisian option'' is a barrier option where the barrier condition applies only once the price of ~~the underlying instrument has spent~~ at ~~least a given period of time on the wrong side of the barrier~~.

	*A ''[[turbo warrant]]'' is a barrier option namely a knock out call that is initially in the money and with ~~the barrier~~ at ~~the same level as the strike.~~

	~~Barrier options can have either [[American option\|American]], [[Bermudan option\|Bermudan]]~~ or ~~[[European option\|European]] exercise style.~~

	~~==Valuation==~~
	~~The valuation of barrier options can be tricky, because unlike other simpler options they are path-dependent – that~~ is~~, the value of the option at any time depends not just on the underlying at that point, but also on the ''path'' taken by the underlying (since, if it has crossed the barrier,~~ a ~~barrier event has occurred)~~. ~~Although the classical [[Black–Scholes]] approach does~~ not ~~directly apply, several more complex methods can be used:~~

	* The simplest way to value barrier options is to use a ~~static [[replicating portfolio]] of vanilla options (which can be valued with [[Black–Scholes]]), chosen so as to mimic~~ the ~~value of the barrier at expiry and at selected discrete points~~ in time along the barrier. This approach was pioneered by Peter Carr and gives closed form prices and replication strategies for all types of barrier options, but usually only by assuming that the Black-Scholes model is correct. This method is therefore inappropriate when there is a volatility smile. ~~For a more general but similar approach that uses numerical methods, see Derman, E., D. Ergener &~~ I~~. Kani. "Static Options Replication." The Journal of Derivatives,~~ 2~~(4) (Summer 1995), pp. 78-95.~~
	* Another approach is to study the law of the maximum (or minimum) of the underlying. This approach gives explicit (closed form) prices to barrier options.
	* Yet another method is the [[partial differential equation]] (PDE) approach. The PDE satisfied by an ''out'' barrier options is the same one satisfied by a vanilla option under Black and ~~Scholes assumptions, with extra [[boundary condition]]s demanding~~ that ~~the option become worthless when the underlying touches the barrier.~~
	* When an exact formula is difficult to ~~obtain, barrier options can be priced with the [[Monte Carlo option model]]~~. ~~However, computing the [[Greeks (finance)\|Greeks]] (sensitivities) using this approach is numerically unstable.~~
	* A faster approach is to use [[Finite difference methods for option pricing]] to [[heat equation\|diffuse]] the PDE backwards from the boundary condition (which is the terminal payoff at expiry, plus the condition that the value along the barrier is always 0 at any time). ~~Both [[Finite_difference_method#Explicit_method\|explicit finite-differencing methods]] and the [[Crank–Nicolson]] scheme have their advantages~~.

	~~==External links==~~
	*[http://quantcalc.net/Barrier.~~html Online Calculators for Barrier Option] - QuantCalc, Online Financial Math Calculator~~
	*[http://www.~~global-derivatives~~.com~~/docs/OverviewofBarrierOptions_(Cheng)_2003.pdf An Overview of Barrier Options] ([[Portable Document Format\|PDF]]), Kevin Cheng, global-derivatives.com~~

	~~{{Derivatives market}}~~

	~~[[Category:Options (finance)]~~]

en>Hairy Dude: capitalisation

2014-01-31T16:54:19Z

capitalisation

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:54, 31 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
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			In [[finance]], a '''barrier option''' is an [[exotic derivatives\|exotic]] [[derivative (finance)\|derivative]] typically an [[option (finance)\|option]] on the [[underlying\|underlying asset]] whose price breaching the pre-set ''barrier level'' either springs the option into existence or extinguishes an already existing option.
			*Where the option springs into existence on the price of the underlying asset breaching a barrier, it may be known as an "up and in," "knock-in," or "down and in" option.
			*Where the option is extinguished on the price of the underlying asset breaching a barrier, it may be known as an "up and out," "knock-out," or "down and out" option.

			Barrier options are always cheaper than a similar option without barrier. Thus, barrier options were created to provide the insurance value of an option without charging as much premium. For example, if you believe that IBM will go up this year, but are willing to bet that it won't go above $200, then you can buy the barrier and pay less premium than the vanilla option.

			==Types==
			Barrier options are path-dependent [[Exotic derivatives\|exotic]]s that are similar in some ways to ordinary [[Option (finance)\|options]]. You can [[Call option\|call]] or [[Put option\|put]] in [[American option\|American]], [[Bermudan option\|Bermudan]], or [[European option\|European]] exercise style. But they become activated (or extinguished) only if the underlying reaches a predetermined level (the barrier).

			"In" options start their lives worthless and only become active in the event that a predetermined knock-in barrier price is breached. "Out" options start their lives active and become null and void in the event that a certain knock-out barrier price is breached.

			If the option expires inactive, then it may be worthless, or there may be a cash rebate paid out as a fraction of the premium.

			The four main types of barrier options are:
			*'''Up-and-out''': spot price starts below the barrier level and has to move up for the option to be knocked out.
			*'''Down-and-out''': spot price starts above the barrier level and has to move down for the option to become null and void.
			*'''Up-and-in''': spot price starts below the barrier level and has to move up for the option to become activated.
			*'''Down-and-in''': spot price starts above the barrier level and has to move down for the option to become activated.

			For example, a European call option may be written on an underlying with spot price of $100 and a knockout barrier of $120. This option behaves in every way like a vanilla European call, except if the spot price ever moves above $120, the option "knocks out" and the contract is null and void. Note that the option does not reactivate if the spot price falls below $120 again. '''''Once it is out, it's out for good'''''. Also note that once it's in, it's in for good.

			In-out parity is the barrier option's answer to [[put-call parity]]. If we combine one "in" option and one "out" barrier option with the same strikes and expirations, we get the price of a vanilla option: <math>C=C_{in}+C_{out}</math>. A simple arbitrage argument—simultaneously holding the "in" and the "out" option guarantees that exactly one of the two will pay off identically to a standard European option while the other will be worthless. The argument only works for European options without rebate.

			==Barrier events==
			A ''barrier event'' occurs when the underlying crosses the barrier level. While it seems straightforward to define a barrier event as "underlying trades at or above a given level," in reality it's not so simple. What if the underlying only trades at the level for a single trade? How big would that trade have to be? Would it have to be on an exchange or could it be between private parties? When barrier options were first introduced to options markets, many banks had legal trouble resulting from a mismatched understanding with their counterparties regarding exactly what constituted a barrier event.

			==Variations==
			Barrier options are sometimes accompanied by a ''rebate'', which is a payoff to the option holder in case of a barrier event. Rebates can either be paid at the time of the event or at expiration.

			*A ''discrete barrier'' is one for which the barrier event is considered at discrete times, rather than the normal ''continuous barrier'' case.

			*A ''Parisian option'' is a barrier option where the barrier condition applies only once the price of the underlying instrument has spent at least a given period of time on the wrong side of the barrier.

			*A ''[[turbo warrant]]'' is a barrier option namely a knock out call that is initially in the money and with the barrier at the same level as the strike.

			Barrier options can have either [[American option\|American]], [[Bermudan option\|Bermudan]] or [[European option\|European]] exercise style.

			==Valuation==
			The valuation of barrier options can be tricky, because unlike other simpler options they are path-dependent – that is, the value of the option at any time depends not just on the underlying at that point, but also on the ''path'' taken by the underlying (since, if it has crossed the barrier, a barrier event has occurred). Although the classical [[Black–Scholes]] approach does not directly apply, several more complex methods can be used:

			* The simplest way to value barrier options is to use a static [[replicating portfolio]] of vanilla options (which can be valued with [[Black–Scholes]]), chosen so as to mimic the value of the barrier at expiry and at selected discrete points in time along the barrier. This approach was pioneered by Peter Carr and gives closed form prices and replication strategies for all types of barrier options, but usually only by assuming that the Black-Scholes model is correct. This method is therefore inappropriate when there is a volatility smile. For a more general but similar approach that uses numerical methods, see Derman, E., D. Ergener & I. Kani. "Static Options Replication." The Journal of Derivatives, 2(4) (Summer 1995), pp. 78-95.
			* Another approach is to study the law of the maximum (or minimum) of the underlying. This approach gives explicit (closed form) prices to barrier options.
			* Yet another method is the [[partial differential equation]] (PDE) approach. The PDE satisfied by an ''out'' barrier options is the same one satisfied by a vanilla option under Black and Scholes assumptions, with extra [[boundary condition]]s demanding that the option become worthless when the underlying touches the barrier.
			* When an exact formula is difficult to obtain, barrier options can be priced with the [[Monte Carlo option model]]. However, computing the [[Greeks (finance)\|Greeks]] (sensitivities) using this approach is numerically unstable.
			* A faster approach is to use [[Finite difference methods for option pricing]] to [[heat equation\|diffuse]] the PDE backwards from the boundary condition (which is the terminal payoff at expiry, plus the condition that the value along the barrier is always 0 at any time). Both [[Finite_difference_method#Explicit_method\|explicit finite-differencing methods]] and the [[Crank–Nicolson]] scheme have their advantages.

			==External links==
			*[http://quantcalc.net/Barrier.html Online Calculators for Barrier Option] - QuantCalc, Online Financial Math Calculator
			*[http://www.global-derivatives.com/docs/OverviewofBarrierOptions_(Cheng)_2003.pdf An Overview of Barrier Options] ([[Portable Document Format\|PDF]]), Kevin Cheng, global-derivatives.com

			{{Derivatives market}}

			[[Category:Options (finance)]]

en>Torreslfchero: Reverted edit(s) by 203.135.190.8 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

2012-08-29T14:58:50Z

Reverted edit(s) by 203.135.190.8 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

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