Quantile function - Revision history

en>Limit-theorem: /* Simple example */ it was clear enough, but here is a simple pedagogical explanation.

2015-01-03T02:28:48Z

Simple example: it was clear enough, but here is a simple pedagogical explanation.

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:28, 3 January 2015
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~{{for\|increases in the general level of prices\|inflation}}~~		Jayson Berryhill is how I'm known as and my wife doesn't like it at all. Office supervising is exactly where her primary income arrives from. What I adore doing is football but I don't have the time lately. I've usually cherished residing in Kentucky but now I'm considering other options.<br><br>Also visit my weblog; psychic solutions by lynne [[http://test.jeka-nn.ru/node/129 visit the following webpage]]
	~~{{Economics sidebar}}~~
	'~~''Monetary inflation''' is a sustained increase in the [[money supply]] of a country. It usually results in [[price inflation]], which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods~~ and ~~services. Originally the term "inflation" was used to refer only to monetary inflation, whereas in present usage it usually refers to [[price inflation]].<ref>Michael F. Bryan, '~~'~~On the Origin and Evolution of the Word "Inflation", [http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/Commentary/1997/1015.pdf clevelandfed.org]</ref>~~

	There is general agreement among economists that there is a causal relationship between the [[supply and demand]] of money, and prices of goods and services measured in monetary terms, but there is no overall agreement about the exact mechanism and relationship between price inflation and monetary inflation. The system is complex and there is a great deal of argument on the issues involved, such as how to measure the [[monetary base]], or how much factors like ~~the [[velocity of money]] affect the relationship, and what the best [[monetary policy]] is~~. ~~However, there~~ is a general consensus on the importance and responsibility of central banks and monetary authorities in affecting inflation. Keynesian economists favor monetary policies that attempt to even out the ups and downs of the [[business cycle]]. Currently, most central banks follow such a rule, adjusting monetary policy in response to [[unemployment]] and inflation (see [[Taylor rule]]). Followers of the [[monetarism\|monetarist school]] advocate either [[inflation targeting]] or a constant growth rate of money supply, while some followers of [[Austrian School]] economics advocate either the return to [[free market]]s in money, called [[free banking]], or a 100 percent [[gold standard]] and the abolition of [[central bank]]s.<ref>[http://mises.org/books/goldstandard.pdf Ludwig von Mises Institute, ''The Gold Standard'']</ref><ref>Ron Paul, ''The Case for Gold, [http://mises.org/books/caseforgold.pdf mises.org]''</ref>

	~~== Quantity theory ==~~
	~~The monetarist explanation of inflation operates through the [[Quantity Theory of Money]], <math>MV = PT</math>~~ where M is Money Supply, V is Velocity of Circulation, P is Price level and T is Transactions or Output. As monetarists assume that V and T are determined, in the long run, by real variables, such as the productive capacity of the economy, there is a direct relationship between the growth of the money supply and inflation.

	The mechanisms by which excess money might be translated into inflation are examined below. Individuals can also spend their excess money balances directly on goods and services. This has a direct impact on inflation by raising aggregate demand. Also, the increase in the demand for labour resulting from ~~higher demands for goods and services will cause a rise in money wages and unit labour costs~~. ~~The more inelastic~~ is ~~aggregate supply in the economy, the greater the impact on inflation.~~

	The increase in demand for goods and services may cause a rise in imports. Although this leakage from the domestic economy reduces the money supply, it also increases the supply of money on the foreign exchange market thus applying downward pressure on the exchange rate. This may cause imported inflation.

	~~==Austrian view==~~
	~~{{see also\|Austrian School#Inflation}}~~

	The [[Austrian School]] maintains that inflation is any increase of the [[money supply]] (i.e. units of currency or [[means of exchange]]) that is not matched by an increase in demand for money, or as [[Ludwig von Mises]] put it:

	~~<blockquote>~~
	In theoretical investigation there is only one meaning that can rationally be attached to the expression Inflation: an increase in the quantity of money (in the broader sense of the term, so as to include fiduciary media as well), that is not offset by a corresponding increase in the need for money (again in the broader sense of the term), so that a fall in the objective exchange-value of money must occur.<ref name="TheTheory">The Theory of Money and Credit, Mises (1912, [1981], p. 272)</ref></blockquote>

	~~Given that all major economies currently~~ have ~~a [[central bank]] supporting~~ the ~~private [[bank]]ing system, money can be supplied into these [[economy\|economies]] by means of bank [[credit (finance)\|credit]] (or [[debt]])~~.<ref>[http://mises.org/media/4014 The Economics of Legal Tender Laws], [[Jörg Guido Hülsmann]] (includes detailed commentary on [[central banking]], [[inflation]] and [[fractional reserve banking\|FRB]])</ref> [[Austrian economists]] believe that [[credit (finance)\|credit]] growth propagates business cycles (''see'' ~~[[Austrian Business Cycle Theory]]~~.~~) However, the Austrian theory of the business cycle varies significantly from [[business cycles\|mainstream theories]], and economists such as [[Gordon Tullock]],~~<~~ref name="Tullock1988"~~>{{cite journal \|author=Gordon Tullock \|title=Why the Austrians are wrong about depressions \|journal=The Review of Austrian Economics \|volume=2 \|issue=1 \|year=1988 \|pages=73–78 \|format=PDF \|url=http://mises.org/journals/rae/pdf/RAE2_1_4.pdf \|accessdate=2009-06-24 \|doi=10.1007/BF01539299 \|ref=harv}}<~~/ref~~> [[~~Bryan Caplan]],<ref name="Caplan">{{cite web \|url=~~http://~~econlog.econlib.org/archives/2008/01/whats_wrong_wit_6~~.~~html \|title=What's Wrong With Austrian Business Cycle Theory \|last=Caplan \|first=Bryan \|date=2008-01-02 \|publisher=Library of Economics and Liberty \|accessdate=2008-07~~-28}}</ref> and Nobel laureates [[Milton Friedman]]<ref name="Friedman1969">{{cite book \|last=Friedman \|first=Milton \|title=The Optimal Quantity of Money and Other Essays \|publisher=Aldine \|location=Chicago \|pages=261–284 \|chapter=The Monetary Studies of the National Bureau, 44th Annual Report}}</ref><ref name="Friedman93">{{cite journal \|last=Friedman \|first=Milton \|title=The 'Plucking Model' of Business Fluctuations Revisited \|journal=Economic Inquiry \|pages=171–177 \|ref=harv}}</ref> and [[Paul Krugman]]<ref name="Krugman">{{cite web \|url=http://www.slate.~~com~~/id/~~9593 \|title=The Hangover Theory \|last=Krugman \|first=Paul \|date=1998-12-04 \|publisher=Slate \|accessdate=2008-06-20}}</ref> have said that they regard~~ the ~~theory as incorrect.~~

	~~==See also==~~
	*[[Inflationism]]

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	~~== External links==~~
	*[http://www.mises.org/story/2525 Money and Inflation]
	*[http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/inflation/quantity_theory.htm Monetary Inflation / Quantity Theory]
	*[http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp867.pdf ECB: M3 and CPI]
	*[http://seekingalpha.com/article/58881-commodity-super-cycle-ready-to-rumble-in-2008 Charts of commodity prices and monetary aggregates]
	*[http://mises.org/story/3018 Money and Commodity prices]
	*[http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/externalmpcpapers/extmpcpaper0006.pdf Bank of England: The Lag from Monetary Policy Actions to Inflation: Friedman Revisited]

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Monetary Inflation}}~~
	~~[[Category:Macroeconomics and monetary economics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Economic problems]]~~
	~~[[Category:Inflation~~]]

en>Lhimec: /* Definition / (p100)

2013-12-04T00:27:20Z

Definition: (p*100)

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:27, 4 December 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Hi there, ~~I am Andrew Berryhill~~. ~~Ohio~~ is ~~exactly~~ where ~~my home~~ is ~~but my spouse desires us to move~~. ~~What me~~ and ~~my family members adore~~ is ~~bungee leaping but I've been taking~~ on ~~new issues lately~~. ~~Distributing production~~ has ~~been his occupation~~ for ~~some time~~.<br><br>~~Also visit my page~~ - ~~psychic phone~~ - [http://~~c045~~.~~danah~~.co.kr/~~home~~/~~index~~.~~php?document_srl~~=~~1356970&mid~~=~~qna Suggested Resource site~~] -		{{for\|increases in the general level of prices\|inflation}}
			{{Economics sidebar}}
			'''Monetary inflation''' is a sustained increase in the [[money supply]] of a country. It usually results in [[price inflation]], which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services. Originally the term "inflation" was used to refer only to monetary inflation, whereas in present usage it usually refers to [[price inflation]].<ref>Michael F. Bryan, ''On the Origin and Evolution of the Word "Inflation", [http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/Commentary/1997/1015.pdf clevelandfed.org]</ref>

			There is general agreement among economists that there is a causal relationship between the [[supply and demand]] of money, and prices of goods and services measured in monetary terms, but there is no overall agreement about the exact mechanism and relationship between price inflation and monetary inflation. The system is complex and there is a great deal of argument on the issues involved, such as how to measure the [[monetary base]], or how much factors like the [[velocity of money]] affect the relationship, and what the best [[monetary policy]] is. However, there is a general consensus on the importance and responsibility of central banks and monetary authorities in affecting inflation. Keynesian economists favor monetary policies that attempt to even out the ups and downs of the [[business cycle]]. Currently, most central banks follow such a rule, adjusting monetary policy in response to [[unemployment]] and inflation (see [[Taylor rule]]). Followers of the [[monetarism\|monetarist school]] advocate either [[inflation targeting]] or a constant growth rate of money supply, while some followers of [[Austrian School]] economics advocate either the return to [[free market]]s in money, called [[free banking]], or a 100 percent [[gold standard]] and the abolition of [[central bank]]s.<ref>[http://mises.org/books/goldstandard.pdf Ludwig von Mises Institute, ''The Gold Standard'']</ref><ref>Ron Paul, ''The Case for Gold, [http://mises.org/books/caseforgold.pdf mises.org]''</ref>

			== Quantity theory ==
			The monetarist explanation of inflation operates through the [[Quantity Theory of Money]], <math>MV = PT</math> where M is Money Supply, V is Velocity of Circulation, P is Price level and T is Transactions or Output. As monetarists assume that V and T are determined, in the long run, by real variables, such as the productive capacity of the economy, there is a direct relationship between the growth of the money supply and inflation.

			The mechanisms by which excess money might be translated into inflation are examined below. Individuals can also spend their excess money balances directly on goods and services. This has a direct impact on inflation by raising aggregate demand. Also, the increase in the demand for labour resulting from higher demands for goods and services will cause a rise in money wages and unit labour costs. The more inelastic is aggregate supply in the economy, the greater the impact on inflation.

			The increase in demand for goods and services may cause a rise in imports. Although this leakage from the domestic economy reduces the money supply, it also increases the supply of money on the foreign exchange market thus applying downward pressure on the exchange rate. This may cause imported inflation.

			==Austrian view==
			{{see also\|Austrian School#Inflation}}

			The [[Austrian School]] maintains that inflation is any increase of the [[money supply]] (i.e. units of currency or [[means of exchange]]) that is not matched by an increase in demand for money, or as [[Ludwig von Mises]] put it:

			<blockquote>
			In theoretical investigation there is only one meaning that can rationally be attached to the expression Inflation: an increase in the quantity of money (in the broader sense of the term, so as to include fiduciary media as well), that is not offset by a corresponding increase in the need for money (again in the broader sense of the term), so that a fall in the objective exchange-value of money must occur.<ref name="TheTheory">The Theory of Money and Credit, Mises (1912, [1981], p. 272)</ref></blockquote>

			Given that all major economies currently have a [[central bank]] supporting the private [[bank]]ing system, money can be supplied into these [[economy\|economies]] by means of bank [[credit (finance)\|credit]] (or [[debt]]).<ref>[http://mises.org/media/4014 The Economics of Legal Tender Laws], [[Jörg Guido Hülsmann]] (includes detailed commentary on [[central banking]], [[inflation]] and [[fractional reserve banking\|FRB]])</ref> [[Austrian economists]] believe that [[credit (finance)\|credit]] growth propagates business cycles (''see'' [[Austrian Business Cycle Theory]].) However, the Austrian theory of the business cycle varies significantly from [[business cycles\|mainstream theories]], and economists such as [[Gordon Tullock]],<ref name="Tullock1988">{{cite journal \|author=Gordon Tullock \|title=Why the Austrians are wrong about depressions \|journal=The Review of Austrian Economics \|volume=2 \|issue=1 \|year=1988 \|pages=73–78 \|format=PDF \|url=http://mises.org/journals/rae/pdf/RAE2_1_4.pdf \|accessdate=2009-06-24 \|doi=10.1007/BF01539299 \|ref=harv}}</ref> [[Bryan Caplan]],<ref name="Caplan">{{cite web \|url=http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2008/01/whats_wrong_wit_6.html \|title=What's Wrong With Austrian Business Cycle Theory \|last=Caplan \|first=Bryan \|date=2008-01-02 \|publisher=Library of Economics and Liberty \|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref> and Nobel laureates [[Milton Friedman]]<ref name="Friedman1969">{{cite book \|last=Friedman \|first=Milton \|title=The Optimal Quantity of Money and Other Essays \|publisher=Aldine \|location=Chicago \|pages=261–284 \|chapter=The Monetary Studies of the National Bureau, 44th Annual Report}}</ref><ref name="Friedman93">{{cite journal \|last=Friedman \|first=Milton \|title=The 'Plucking Model' of Business Fluctuations Revisited \|journal=Economic Inquiry \|pages=171–177 \|ref=harv}}</ref> and [[Paul Krugman]]<ref name="Krugman">{{cite web \|url=http://www.slate.com/id/9593 \|title=The Hangover Theory \|last=Krugman \|first=Paul \|date=1998-12-04 \|publisher=Slate \|accessdate=2008-06-20}}</ref> have said that they regard the theory as incorrect.

			==See also==
			*[[Inflationism]]

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

			== External links==
			*[http://www.mises.org/story/2525 Money and Inflation]
			*[http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/inflation/quantity_theory.htm Monetary Inflation / Quantity Theory]
			*[http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp867.pdf ECB: M3 and CPI]
			*[http://seekingalpha.com/article/58881-commodity-super-cycle-ready-to-rumble-in-2008 Charts of commodity prices and monetary aggregates]
			*[http://mises.org/story/3018 Money and Commodity prices]
			*[http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/externalmpcpapers/extmpcpaper0006.pdf Bank of England: The Lag from Monetary Policy Actions to Inflation: Friedman Revisited]

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Monetary Inflation}}
			[[Category:Macroeconomics and monetary economics]]
			[[Category:Economic problems]]
			[[Category:Inflation]]

en>Helpful Pixie Bot: ISBNs (Build KE)

2012-05-11T17:10:35Z

ISBNs (Build KE)

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Hi there, I am Andrew Berryhill. Ohio is exactly where my home is but my spouse desires us to move. What me and my family members adore is bungee leaping but I've been taking on new issues lately. Distributing production has been his occupation for some time.<br><br>Also visit my page - psychic phone - [http://c045.danah.co.kr/home/index.php?document_srl=1356970&mid=qna Suggested Resource site] -

Quantile function - Revision history

en>Limit-theorem: /* Simple example */ it was clear enough, but here is a simple pedagogical explanation.

en>Lhimec: /* Definition */ (p*100)

en>Helpful Pixie Bot: ISBNs (Build KE)

en>Lhimec: /* Definition / (p100)