en>Rybec: /* Reconstruction */ minor ce

2014-01-05T05:41:04Z

Reconstruction: minor ce

New page

{{Multiple issues|unreferenced = October 2012|original research = October 2012}}

The '''tune shift with amplitude''' is an important concept in circular [[Particle accelerator|accelerators]] or [[synchrotron]]s. The machine may be described via a symplectic one turn map at each position, which may be thought of as the Poincaire section of the dynamics.
A simple harmonic oscillator has a constant tune for all initial positions in phase space. Adding some non-linearity results in a variation of the tune with amplitude.
Amplitude may refer to either the initial position, or more formally, the initial action of the particle.

==Definition==
Consider dynamics in [[phase space]]. These dynamics are assumed to be determined by a Hamiltonian, or a [[symplectic]] map. For each initial position, we follow the particle as it traces out its orbit. After transformation into [[action-angle coordinates]], one compute the tune <math>\nu</math> and the [[Action (physics)|action]] <math>J</math>. The tune shift with amplitude is then given by <math>\frac{d\nu}{dJ}</math>. The transformation to action-angle variables out of which the tune may be derived may be considered as a transformation to [[Normal_form_(mathematics)|normal form]].

==Significance==
The tune shift with amplitude is important as a measure of non-linearity of a system. A linear system will have no tune shift with amplitude. Further, it can be important regarding the stability of the system. When the tune reaches resonant values, it can be unstable, and thus a tune-shift with amplitude can limit the [[Stability theory|stability region]], or [[dynamic aperture (accelerator physics)|dynamic aperture]].

==Examples of systems with tune shift with amplitude==
In [[classical mechanics]], a simple example of a system with tune shift with amplitude is a [[pendulum]]. In accelerator physics, both the transverse and the longitudinal dynamics show tune shift with amplitude. A simple model of the transverse dynamics is of an oscillator with a single [[Sextupole magnet|sextupole]], it is referred to as the [[Hénon map]]. Another model for this case is the [[Standard map|Standard Map]].
An important example is the typical case of distributed sextupoles in a storage ring.

==Computation==
The tune shift with amplitude may be computed in numerous ways. One involves the use of the normal form method. See <ref>http://mad.web.cern.ch/mad/PTC_proper/normal_form/normal.htm</ref> for the use of this method for the pendulum.
It may also be computed by tracking the orbit through phase space, and then Fourier transforming the projections onto the different planes. For computation in the Elegant code, see <ref>[http://www.aps.anl.gov/Accelerator_Systems_Division/Accelerator_Operations_Physics/manuals/elegant_ver15.1/node54.html Elegant calculation]</ref>
The tune may also be computed by a refinement over the Fourier transform method, called NAFF. e.g.<ref>[http://www.aps.anl.gov/Accelerator_Systems_Division/Accelerator_Operations_Physics/manuals/SDDStoolkit/node78.html sddsNAFF]</ref>
It may also be computed analytically via a formula, using the normal form method, otherwise. For the storage ring case with distributed sextupoles, one can see <ref name="Bengtsson">J. Bengtsson, "The Sextupole Scheme for the Swiss Light Source (SLS): An Analytic Approach," SLS Note 9/97, March 7, 1997.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Accelerator physics]]

Oversampled binary image sensor - Revision history

en>Rybec: /* Reconstruction */ minor ce