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en>Wcherowi: Reverted 1 edit by 80.147.153.166 (talk): Good English replaced by poor English. (TW)

2014-12-30T05:43:57Z

Reverted 1 edit by 80.147.153.166 (talk): Good English replaced by poor English. (TW)

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:43, 30 December 2014
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	~~[[File:Vacuum fluctuations revealed through spontaneous parametric down-conversion.ogv\|thumb\|right\|350px\| The video~~ of ~~an experiment showing vacuum fluctuations (in the red ring) amplified by [[spontaneous parametric down-conversion]]. ]]~~		That this person who wrote some sort of article is called Leland but it's not the most masucline name . To go to karaoke is the thing your boyfriend loves most of every bit. He [http://www.Thefreedictionary.com/operates operates] as a cashier. His wife and him live from [http://Www.britannica.com/search?query=Massachusetts Massachusetts] and he enjoys everything that he needs there. He's not godd at design but may also want to check its website: http://prometeu.net<br><br>Feel free to visit my web site; clash of clans cheats - [http://prometeu.net click the next internet site],

	~~In [[quantum physics]], a '''quantum vacuum fluctuation''' (or '''quantum fluctuation''' or '''vacuum fluctuation''')~~ is ~~the temporary change in the amount of energy in a point in [[space]],<ref>{{cite news\|quote=According to quantum theory, the vacuum contains neither matter nor energy,~~ but it ~~does contain~~ '~~'fluctuations,'' transitions between something and nothing in which potential existence can be transformed into real existence by~~ the ~~addition of energy~~.~~(Energy and matter are equivalent, since all matter ultimately consists of packets of energy.) Thus, the vacuum's totally empty space~~ is ~~actually a seething turmoil of creation and annihilation, which to the ordinary world appears calm because~~ the ~~scale~~ of ~~fluctuations in the vacuum is tiny and the fluctuations tend to cancel each other out~~. ~~\|url=~~http://www.~~nytimes~~.com/1990/08/21/science/new-direction-in-physics-back-in-time.html?pagewanted=all\|publisher=The New York Times\|title=New Direction in Physics: Back in Time \| first=Malcolm W. \| last=Browne \| date=1990-08-21 \| accessdate=2010-05-22}}</ref> as ~~explained in [[Werner Heisenberg]]'s [[uncertainty principle]]~~.

	~~According to one formulation of the principle,~~
	~~energy~~ and ~~time can be related by the relation<ref>{{citation\|first1=Leonid\|last1=Mandelshtam\|authorlink1=Leonid Mandelshtam\|first2=Igor\|last2=Tamm\|authorlink2=Igor Tamm\|url=~~http://~~daarb~~.~~narod~~.ru/~~mandtamm/index-eng.html\|title~~=~~The uncertainty relation between energy~~ and ~~time in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics\|journal=Izv. Akad~~. ~~Nauk SSSR (ser. Fiz.)\|volume=9\|pages=122–128\|year=1945}}. English translation: J. Phys. (USSR) '''9'~~'~~', 249–254 (1945).</ref>~~

	~~: <math>\Delta E \Delta t \approx {h \over 2 \pi}</math>~~

	~~That means that [[conservation of energy]] can appear to be violated, but only for small values of t (time). This allows the creation of particle-[[antiparticle]] pairs of [[virtual particle]]~~s.
	~~The effects of these particles are measurable, for example, in the effective charge of the electron, different from its "naked" charge.~~

	~~In the modern view, [[energy]] is always [[Conservation law\|conserved]],~~ but the [[eigenstate]]s of the [[Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)\|Hamiltonian]] ([[energy]] [[observable]]) are not the same as (i.e., the Hamiltonian doesn't [[commutative operation\|commute]] with) the [[particle number operator]]s.

	~~Quantum fluctuations~~ may have been very important in the origin of the structure of the universe: according to the model of [[cosmic inflation\|inflation]] the ones that existed when inflation began were amplified and formed the seed of all current observed structure.

	~~==Quantum fluctuations of a field==~~
	A quantum fluctuation is the temporary appearance of energetic particles out of empty space, as allowed by the [[uncertainty principle]]. The uncertainty principle states that for a pair of conjugate variables such as position/momentum and energy/time, it is impossible to have a precisely determined value of each member of the pair at the same time. For example, a particle pair can pop out of the vacuum during a very short time interval.

	~~An extension is applicable~~ to the "uncertainty in time" and "uncertainty in energy" (including the rest mass energy <math>mc^2</math>). When the mass is very large like a [[Macroscopic scale\|macroscopic object]], the uncertainties and thus the quantum effect become very small, and classical physics is applicable. This was proposed by scientist [[Adam Jonathon Davis]]'s study in 1916 at Harvard's Laboratory 1996a. Davis's theory was later proven in the 1920s and became a law of quantum physics by [[Louis de Broglie]].

	In [[quantum field theory]], fields undergo quantum fluctuations. A reasonably clear distinction can be made between quantum fluctuations and [[thermal fluctuations]]{{how\|date=June 2012}} of a quantum field (at least for a free field; for interacting fields, [[renormalization]] substantially complicates matters). For the [[Klein–Gordon equation\|quantized Klein–Gordon field]] in the vacuum state, we can calculate the probability density that we would observe a configuration <math>{\displaystyle\varphi_t(x)}</math> at a time <math>t</math> in terms of its ~~Fourier transform <math>{\displaystyle\tilde\varphi_t(k)}</math> to be~~
	:~~<math>\rho_0[\varphi_t] = \exp{\left[-\frac{1}{\hbar}~~
	~~\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}~~
	~~\tilde\varphi_t^*(k)\sqrt{\|k\|^2+m^2}\;\tilde \varphi_t(k)\right]}.~~
	~~</math>~~
	In contrast, for the [[Klein–Gordon equation\|classical Klein–Gordon field]] at non-zero temperature, the [[Gibbs state\|Gibbs probability density]] that we would observe a configuration <math>{\displaystyle\varphi_t(x)}</math> at a time <math>t</math> is
	:~~<math>\rho_E[\varphi_t] = \exp{[-H[\varphi_t]/kT]}=\exp{\left[-\frac{1}{kT} \int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}~~
	~~\tilde\varphi_t^*(k){\scriptstyle\frac{1}{2}}(\|k\|^2+m^2)\;\tilde \varphi_t(k)\right]}.~~
	</~~math>~~
	~~The amplitude of quantum fluctuations is controlled by the amplitude of [[planck constant\|Planck's constant]] <math>\hbar<~~/~~math>, just as the amplitude of thermal fluctuations is controlled by <math>kT</math>~~. ~~Note that the following three points are closely related:~~

	~~# Planck's constant has units of action instead of units of energy,~~
	~~# the [[quantum kernel]] is~~ <~~math~~> ~~\sqrt{\|k\|^2+m^2}~~<~~/math~~> ~~instead of <math> {\scriptstyle\frac{1}{2}}(\|k\|^2+m^2)</math> (the quantum kernel is nonlocal from a classical [[heat kernel]] viewpoint, but it is local in the sense that it does not allow signals~~ to ~~be transmitted),~~
	# the quantum vacuum state is [[Lorentz invariance\|Lorentz invariant]] (although not manifestly in the above), whereas the classical thermal state is not (the classical dynamics is Lorentz invariant, but the [[Gibbs state\|Gibbs probability density]] is not a Lorentz invariant initial condition).

	We can construct a [[Field (physics)#Continuous random fields\|classical continuous random field]] that has the same probability density as the quantum vacuum state, so that the principal difference from quantum field theory is the measurement theory ([[measurement in quantum theory]] is different from measurement for a classical continuous random field, in that classical measurements are always mutually compatible — ~~in quantum mechanical terms they always commute). Quantum effects that are consequences only~~ of ~~quantum fluctuations, not of subtleties of measurement incompatibility, can alternatively be models of classical continuous random fields.~~

	~~== See also ==~~
	* [[Casimir effect]]
	* [[Quantum annealing]]
	* [[Quantum foam]]
	* [[Virtual particle]]
	* [[Virtual black hole]]

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~==External links==~~
	* [http://~~universe-review~~.~~ca/R03-01-quantumflu.htm http://universe-review.ca]~~

	~~[[Category:Quantum mechanics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Cosmic inflation]]~~
	~~[[Category:Uncertainty principle]~~]

88.203.90.14: /* Definition */

2013-12-29T22:50:31Z

Definition

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:50, 30 December 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Michael Jackson once known as one~~ of the ~~top most pop singer has had~~ the ~~same problem~~. ~~Special cells called melanocytes~~ are ~~to blame for the construction~~ of ~~melanin~~. ~~Basically~~, ~~melanin~~ is a ~~derivative~~ of ~~tyrosine~~, ~~an amino acid~~. ~~If you want to know more about vitiligo disease, [~~http://~~discover~~-~~prague~~.~~info/ vitiligo cure] and vitiligo treatment then visit our site~~: ~~<. Even some renowned skin care and cosmetic products manufactures also claim to contain herbal oil and natural substances~~ in ~~their remedy~~. <br>~~<br>In this connection, we will only discuss about the skin disorder when the immune system becomes dysfunctional~~. ~~As this disease happens~~ to ~~be complicated~~, ~~its treatment has to~~ be ~~applicable to every single patient affected~~ by ~~this disease~~. ~~There are several theories regarding the cause of vitiligo but the actual cause is not fully known~~. ~~These white patches do not look~~ and ~~you eventually lose your self confidence~~. ~~Herbal medicines useful for vitiligo are: Manjishtha~~ (~~Rubia cordifolia~~)~~, Saariva~~ (~~Hemidesmus indicus), Triphala (Three fruits), Haridra (Curcuma longa), Daruharidra (Berberis aristata~~), ~~Khadir (Acacia catechu), Vidanga (Embilia ribes) and Bavachi~~ (~~Psoralia corylifolia~~). <br><br>~~s why you~~ can ~~see irregular patches on the skin which can spread~~ to ~~whole~~ of ~~your body once started~~. ~~That'~~s ~~why they keep creating drugs which~~ are ~~expensive~~, of ~~limited effectiveness~~, ~~and that should be taken continuously for many years~~. ~~Take 1 gm from this powder and mix it~~ with ~~100 ml milk~~. ~~He also emphasized that he was more than proud~~ to ~~be black and that all~~ the ~~rumors~~ that ~~people spread~~ were ~~so untrue~~ and ~~did more than just hurt him~~. ~~Stress~~ is ~~also one~~ of the ~~major causes of Vitiligo~~. ~~<br><br>While the exact cause~~ of ~~Vitiligo is not known~~, ~~Immunological attack on melanocyte~~ is the ~~main reason for Vitiligo~~. ~~Melanin cells further produces yellowish~~, ~~blackish & brownish pigmentary substances~~. ~~Human skin acquires melanocytes cells in skin whose function~~ is the ~~production of melanin cells~~ in ~~skin~~. ~~But~~ the ~~question is:~~ is ~~the Wonderbar really~~ a ~~wonder. Half~~ the ~~patients first notice vitiligo before 20 years of age. <br><br>The disorder affects both sexes~~ and ~~all races equally; however~~, it is ~~more noticeable~~ in ~~people with dark skin~~. ~~To use this, you should start~~ by ~~cleansing your skin with a product that suits you~~. ~~Autologous hair surgery~~, ~~depigmentation of epidermis~~ and ~~also repigmentation solutions might be other options this sort~~ of ~~significantly influenced~~. ~~Thus, there are treatments for~~ the ~~condition out~~ in the ~~marketplace. Most importantly~~, is the ~~product approved by the U.~~ <br><br>~~, according~~ to ~~a May~~ 3, ~~2013 news release~~, ~~"Gray hair and vitiligo reversed~~ at ~~the root~~. The ~~most notable indication~~ of ~~Vitiligo~~ is ~~depigmentation~~ of ~~patches~~ of ~~skin~~ that ~~happens on~~ the ~~extremity. It~~ is ~~general within our modern society~~ that ~~when we come~~ to ~~feel some sickness~~, ~~with out checking to any doctor we take anti biotic by self. Jamaica's tropical climate~~, ~~warm Caribbean waters~~, ~~abundant golf courses, and luxurious resorts make~~ the ~~island~~ a ~~popular tourist destination~~. ~~Vitiligo word~~ is ~~derived~~ from ~~Latin word "VITIUM" (blemish~~) ~~and the suffix~~- ~~"IGO"~~.		[[File:Vacuum fluctuations revealed through spontaneous parametric down-conversion.ogv\|thumb\|right\|350px\| The video of an experiment showing vacuum fluctuations (in the red ring) amplified by [[spontaneous parametric down-conversion]]. ]]

			In [[quantum physics]], a '''quantum vacuum fluctuation''' (or '''quantum fluctuation''' or '''vacuum fluctuation''') is the temporary change in the amount of energy in a point in [[space]],<ref>{{cite news\|quote=According to quantum theory, the vacuum contains neither matter nor energy, but it does contain ''fluctuations,'' transitions between something and nothing in which potential existence can be transformed into real existence by the addition of energy.(Energy and matter are equivalent, since all matter ultimately consists of packets of energy.) Thus, the vacuum's totally empty space is actually a seething turmoil of creation and annihilation, which to the ordinary world appears calm because the scale of fluctuations in the vacuum is tiny and the fluctuations tend to cancel each other out. \|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/21/science/new-direction-in-physics-back-in-time.html?pagewanted=all\|publisher=The New York Times\|title=New Direction in Physics: Back in Time \| first=Malcolm W. \| last=Browne \| date=1990-08-21 \| accessdate=2010-05-22}}</ref> as explained in [[Werner Heisenberg]]'s [[uncertainty principle]].

			According to one formulation of the principle,
			energy and time can be related by the relation<ref>{{citation\|first1=Leonid\|last1=Mandelshtam\|authorlink1=Leonid Mandelshtam\|first2=Igor\|last2=Tamm\|authorlink2=Igor Tamm\|url=http://daarb.narod.ru/mandtamm/index-eng.html\|title=The uncertainty relation between energy and time in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics\|journal=Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (ser. Fiz.)\|volume=9\|pages=122–128\|year=1945}}. English translation: J. Phys. (USSR) '''9''', 249–254 (1945).</ref>

			: <math>\Delta E \Delta t \approx {h \over 2 \pi}</math>

			That means that [[conservation of energy]] can appear to be violated, but only for small values of t (time). This allows the creation of particle-[[antiparticle]] pairs of [[virtual particle]]s.
			The effects of these particles are measurable, for example, in the effective charge of the electron, different from its "naked" charge.

			In the modern view, [[energy]] is always [[Conservation law\|conserved]], but the [[eigenstate]]s of the [[Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)\|Hamiltonian]] ([[energy]] [[observable]]) are not the same as (i.e., the Hamiltonian doesn't [[commutative operation\|commute]] with) the [[particle number operator]]s.

			Quantum fluctuations may have been very important in the origin of the structure of the universe: according to the model of [[cosmic inflation\|inflation]] the ones that existed when inflation began were amplified and formed the seed of all current observed structure.

			==Quantum fluctuations of a field==
			A quantum fluctuation is the temporary appearance of energetic particles out of empty space, as allowed by the [[uncertainty principle]]. The uncertainty principle states that for a pair of conjugate variables such as position/momentum and energy/time, it is impossible to have a precisely determined value of each member of the pair at the same time. For example, a particle pair can pop out of the vacuum during a very short time interval.

			An extension is applicable to the "uncertainty in time" and "uncertainty in energy" (including the rest mass energy <math>mc^2</math>). When the mass is very large like a [[Macroscopic scale\|macroscopic object]], the uncertainties and thus the quantum effect become very small, and classical physics is applicable. This was proposed by scientist [[Adam Jonathon Davis]]'s study in 1916 at Harvard's Laboratory 1996a. Davis's theory was later proven in the 1920s and became a law of quantum physics by [[Louis de Broglie]].

			In [[quantum field theory]], fields undergo quantum fluctuations. A reasonably clear distinction can be made between quantum fluctuations and [[thermal fluctuations]]{{how\|date=June 2012}} of a quantum field (at least for a free field; for interacting fields, [[renormalization]] substantially complicates matters). For the [[Klein–Gordon equation\|quantized Klein–Gordon field]] in the vacuum state, we can calculate the probability density that we would observe a configuration <math>{\displaystyle\varphi_t(x)}</math> at a time <math>t</math> in terms of its Fourier transform <math>{\displaystyle\tilde\varphi_t(k)}</math> to be
			:<math>\rho_0[\varphi_t] = \exp{\left[-\frac{1}{\hbar}
			\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}
			\tilde\varphi_t^*(k)\sqrt{\|k\|^2+m^2}\;\tilde \varphi_t(k)\right]}.
			</math>
			In contrast, for the [[Klein–Gordon equation\|classical Klein–Gordon field]] at non-zero temperature, the [[Gibbs state\|Gibbs probability density]] that we would observe a configuration <math>{\displaystyle\varphi_t(x)}</math> at a time <math>t</math> is
			:<math>\rho_E[\varphi_t] = \exp{[-H[\varphi_t]/kT]}=\exp{\left[-\frac{1}{kT} \int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}
			\tilde\varphi_t^*(k){\scriptstyle\frac{1}{2}}(\|k\|^2+m^2)\;\tilde \varphi_t(k)\right]}.
			</math>
			The amplitude of quantum fluctuations is controlled by the amplitude of [[planck constant\|Planck's constant]] <math>\hbar</math>, just as the amplitude of thermal fluctuations is controlled by <math>kT</math>. Note that the following three points are closely related:

			# Planck's constant has units of action instead of units of energy,
			# the [[quantum kernel]] is <math> \sqrt{\|k\|^2+m^2}</math> instead of <math> {\scriptstyle\frac{1}{2}}(\|k\|^2+m^2)</math> (the quantum kernel is nonlocal from a classical [[heat kernel]] viewpoint, but it is local in the sense that it does not allow signals to be transmitted),
			# the quantum vacuum state is [[Lorentz invariance\|Lorentz invariant]] (although not manifestly in the above), whereas the classical thermal state is not (the classical dynamics is Lorentz invariant, but the [[Gibbs state\|Gibbs probability density]] is not a Lorentz invariant initial condition).

			We can construct a [[Field (physics)#Continuous random fields\|classical continuous random field]] that has the same probability density as the quantum vacuum state, so that the principal difference from quantum field theory is the measurement theory ([[measurement in quantum theory]] is different from measurement for a classical continuous random field, in that classical measurements are always mutually compatible — in quantum mechanical terms they always commute). Quantum effects that are consequences only of quantum fluctuations, not of subtleties of measurement incompatibility, can alternatively be models of classical continuous random fields.

			== See also ==
			* [[Casimir effect]]
			* [[Quantum annealing]]
			* [[Quantum foam]]
			* [[Virtual particle]]
			* [[Virtual black hole]]

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			==External links==
			* [http://universe-review.ca/R03-01-quantumflu.htm http://universe-review.ca]

			[[Category:Quantum mechanics]]
			[[Category:Cosmic inflation]]
			[[Category:Uncertainty principle]]

en>AnomieBOT: Dating maintenance tags: {{Citation needed}}

2012-08-05T16:58:32Z

Dating maintenance tags: {{Citation needed}}

New page

Michael Jackson once known as one of the top most pop singer has had the same problem. Special cells called melanocytes are to blame for the construction of melanin. Basically, melanin is a derivative of tyrosine, an amino acid. If you want to know more about vitiligo disease, [http://discover-prague.info/ vitiligo cure] and vitiligo treatment then visit our site: <. Even some renowned skin care and cosmetic products manufactures also claim to contain herbal oil and natural substances in their remedy. In this connection, we will only discuss about the skin disorder when the immune system becomes dysfunctional. As this disease happens to be complicated, its treatment has to be applicable to every single patient affected by this disease. There are several theories regarding the cause of vitiligo but the actual cause is not fully known. These white patches do not look and you eventually lose your self confidence. Herbal medicines useful for vitiligo are: Manjishtha (Rubia cordifolia), Saariva (Hemidesmus indicus), Triphala (Three fruits), Haridra (Curcuma longa), Daruharidra (Berberis aristata), Khadir (Acacia catechu), Vidanga (Embilia ribes) and Bavachi (Psoralia corylifolia). s why you can see irregular patches on the skin which can spread to whole of your body once started. That's why they keep creating drugs which are expensive, of limited effectiveness, and that should be taken continuously for many years. Take 1 gm from this powder and mix it with 100 ml milk. He also emphasized that he was more than proud to be black and that all the rumors that people spread were so untrue and did more than just hurt him. Stress is also one of the major causes of Vitiligo. While the exact cause of Vitiligo is not known, Immunological attack on melanocyte is the main reason for Vitiligo. Melanin cells further produces yellowish, blackish & brownish pigmentary substances. Human skin acquires melanocytes cells in skin whose function is the production of melanin cells in skin. But the question is: is the Wonderbar really a wonder. Half the patients first notice vitiligo before 20 years of age. The disorder affects both sexes and all races equally; however, it is more noticeable in people with dark skin. To use this, you should start by cleansing your skin with a product that suits you. Autologous hair surgery, depigmentation of epidermis and also repigmentation solutions might be other options this sort of significantly influenced. Thus, there are treatments for the condition out in the marketplace. Most importantly, is the product approved by the U. , according to a May 3, 2013 news release, "Gray hair and vitiligo reversed at the root. The most notable indication of Vitiligo is depigmentation of patches of skin that happens on the extremity. It is general within our modern society that when we come to feel some sickness, with out checking to any doctor we take anti biotic by self. Jamaica's tropical climate, warm Caribbean waters, abundant golf courses, and luxurious resorts make the island a popular tourist destination. Vitiligo word is derived from Latin word "VITIUM" (blemish) and the suffix- "IGO".