en>Jayaguru-Shishya: Corrected some "circular reasoning" (CTML A quantitative evaluation tool for CTML...")

2015-01-01T00:30:40Z

Corrected some "circular reasoning" (CTML A quantitative evaluation tool for CTML...")

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	~~{{refimprove\|date=May 2009}}~~		It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.<br><br><br><br>Here are some common dental emergencies:<br>Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.<br><br>At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.<br><br>Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.<br><br>Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.<br><br>Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.<br><br>Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.<br><br>Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.<br><br>In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.<br><br>If you loved this post and you would certainly like to obtain additional info regarding [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90z1mmiwNS8 Washington DC Dentist] kindly go to our webpage.
	~~In [[financial markets]], '''market impact'''~~ is ~~the effect that~~ a ~~market participant has~~ when ~~it buys or sells an asset~~. It is the ~~extent~~ to ~~which~~ the ~~buying or selling moves~~ the ~~price against the buyer or seller, i.e. upward when buying~~ and ~~downward when selling~~. ~~It is closely related to [[market liquidity]]; in many cases "liquidity" and "market impact"~~ are ~~synonymous~~.

	~~Especially for large investors, e~~.~~g. [[financial institution]]~~s, ~~market impact is a key consideration that needs to be considered before~~ any ~~decision to move money within or between financial markets. If~~ the ~~amount of money~~ being ~~moved is large (relative~~ to the ~~turnover~~ of ~~the asset(s)~~ in ~~question), then~~ the ~~market impact~~ can be ~~several percentage points and needs to be assessed alongside other transaction costs (costs of buying and selling)~~.

	~~Market impact can arise because~~ the ~~price needs to move to tempt other investors to buy or sell assets (~~as ~~counterparties), but also because professional investors may position themselves~~ to ~~profit from knowledge that~~ a ~~large investor~~ (or ~~group of investors~~) ~~is active one way~~ or the ~~other~~. ~~Some financial intermediaries have such low transaction costs that they can profit from price movements that are too small to~~ be ~~of relevance to~~ the ~~majority of investors~~.

	~~The financial institution that is seeking~~ to ~~manage its market impact needs to limit~~ the ~~pace~~ of ~~its activity~~ (e.g. ~~keeping its activity below one third of daily turnover) so~~ as ~~to avoid disrupting~~ the ~~price~~.

	~~== Measuring market impact ==~~

	~~Several statistical measures exist. The most common and simplest~~ is ~~Kyle's Lambda~~, ~~defined as~~ the ~~slope from regressing absolute returns~~ to ~~volume over some time window (often~~ as ~~short as 15 minutes)~~. ~~For very short periods, this reduces to simply~~

	: <~~math~~>~~\lambda = \frac{\|\Delta \mathrm{Price}_t\|}{\mathrm{Volume}_t}~~<~~/math~~>

	~~Volume is typically measured as turn-~~over or the ~~value of shares traded, not~~ the ~~number~~. ~~Under this measure~~, ~~a highly liquid stock is one that experiences a small price change for a given level~~ of ~~trading volume.~~

	~~Kyle's lambda is named from Albert Kyle's famous paper on [[market microstructure]]~~.<~~ref~~>~~{{cite journal\|last=Kyle\|first=Albert\|title=continuous Auctions and Insider Trading\|journal=Econometrica\|date=November 1985\|volume=56\|issue=3\|pages=129–176}}~~<~~/ref~~>

	~~Measuring market impact~~ is, ~~however~~, ~~very difficult task and errors in estimating~~ the ~~market impact~~ can ~~highly impact~~ the ~~optimal strategy~~ of ~~trading~~.<~~ref~~>{{cite journal\|last=Moazeni\|first=Somayeh\|coauthors=Thomas Coleman, Yuying Li\|title=Optimal Portfolio Execution Strategies and Sensitivity to Price Impact Parameters\|journal=SIAM Journal on Optimization\|year=2010\|volume=20\|issue=3\|pages=1620–1654}}<~~/ref~~>

	~~== Unique challenges for microcap traders ==~~

	~~[[Microcap stock\|Microcap]] and [[nanocap]] stocks are characterized~~ by ~~very low share prices~~ and a ~~relatively limited float~~ and ~~thin daily volume~~. ~~Since these types~~ of ~~stocks have such limited float and are so thinly-traded~~, ~~these stocks are extremely volatile and very susceptible to large price swings.{{Citation needed\|date=June 2008}}~~

	~~Microcap and nanocap traders often trade in and out of positions~~ with ~~huge blocks~~ of ~~shares to make quick money on speculative events. And therein lies a problem that many microcap and nanocap traders face: with so little float available, thin volume and large block orders~~, ~~there is a shortage of shares~~. In ~~many instances orders only get partially filled.{{Citation needed\|date=June 2008}}~~

	~~== Example ==~~

	~~Suppose an institutional investor places a limit order to sell 1,000~~,~~000 shares of stock XYZ at $10.00 per share. Now a professional investor may see this, and place~~ an ~~order to short sell 1~~,~~000~~,~~000 shares of XYZ at $9.99 per share.~~

	* Stock XYZ rises in price to ~~$9.99~~ and ~~keeps going up past $10~~.00. ~~The professional investor sells at $9.99~~ and ~~covers his short position~~ by ~~buying from the institutional investor. His loss is limited to $0.01 per share.~~

	* Stock XYZ rises in ~~price to $9.99~~ and ~~then comes back down. The professional investor sells at $9.99 and covers his short position when~~ the ~~stock declines. The professional investor can gain $~~.~~10 or more per share with very little risk~~. The ~~institutional investor is unhappy, because he saw~~ the ~~market price rise to $9.99 and come back down, without his order getting filled.~~

	~~Effectively,~~ the ~~institutional investor's large order has given an option to~~ the ~~professional investor~~. ~~Institutional investors don't like~~ this~~, because either the stock price rises to $9.99~~ and ~~comes back down, without them having the opportunity to sell, or the stock price rises~~ to ~~$10.00 and keeps going up, meaning the institutional investor could have sold at a higher price.~~

	~~== See also ==~~
	* [[Market impact cost]] – the [[transaction cost]]s associated with price movements from the market impact

	~~== References ==~~
	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	~~==External links==~~
	*[~~http://eprints.luiss.it/287/ Market impact and trading profile of large trading orders in stock markets]~~
	*{{cite web \|url=http://www.~~math~~.~~nyu.edu~~/~~~almgren/papers/costestim.pdf \|format=pdf \|accessdate=September 27, 2012 \|title=Direct Estimation of Equity Market Impact \|date~~=~~May 10, 2005\|author=Robert Almgren \|author2=Chee Thum \|author3=Emmanuel Hauptmann \|author4=Hong Li}}~~

	~~[[Category:Financial markets]]~~
	~~[[Category:Economics]~~]

en>David Eppstein: /* Further reading */ Bernhard Steffen (computer scientist)

2014-01-28T05:41:50Z

Further reading: Bernhard Steffen (computer scientist)

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132.231.64.191: /* Tools */ Removed "model checker" from the name where it is redundant

2012-08-24T13:08:04Z

Tools: Removed "model checker" from the name where it is redundant

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Model checking - Revision history

en>Jayaguru-Shishya: Corrected some "circular reasoning" (CTML A quantitative evaluation tool for CTML...")

en>David Eppstein: /* Further reading */ Bernhard Steffen (computer scientist)

132.231.64.191: /* Tools */ Removed "model checker" from the name where it is redundant