Memorylessness - Revision history

en>Engheta at 00:59, 6 August 2014

2014-08-06T00:59:40Z

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	In [~~[computer science~~]~~], a '''space–time''' or '''time–memory tradeoff''' is a situation where the [[computer storage\|memory]] use~~ can be ~~reduced~~ at ~~the cost~~ of ~~slower program execution (and, conversely, the [[Time complexity\|computation time~~]~~] can be reduced at~~ the ~~cost of increased memory use)~~. ~~As the relative costs of CPU cycles, RAM space~~, ~~and hard drive space change—hard drive space has for some time been getting cheaper~~ at a much faster rate than other components of computers{{Citation needed\|date=February 2007}}—the appropriate choices for space–time tradeoffs have changed radically. Often, by exploiting a space–time tradeoff, a program can be made to run much faster.		Slightly older video games ought to be [http://search.un.org/search?ie=utf8&site=un_org&output=xml_no_dtd&client=UN_Website_en&num=10&lr=lang_en&proxystylesheet=UN_Website_en&oe=utf8&q=discarded&Submit=Go discarded]. They can be worth some money at several video retailers. If you liked this article along with you wish to receive more information regarding [http://prometeu.net hack clash of clans ifile] generously visit the web site. While you buy and sell several game titles, you could even get your upcoming distinction at no cost!<br><br>

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	The ~~basic idea of time–memory tradeoff goes back to~~ the ~~earliest time~~ of ~~evolution, since basically using knowledge instead of [[brute-force search\|brute-force trials]]~~, and ~~encoding reflex reactions in the DNA to avoid the organism to have to "calculate", ''i.e.'', think how to react, in time-critical situations, are examples of this~~. ~~More specifically to the use in computers, look-up tables (~~and in ~~particular, e~~.~~g., storing coefficients of power series for transcendental functions) have been implemented since the very earliest operating systems.{{Citation needed\|date~~=~~June 2013}}~~

	~~In 1980 [[Martin Hellman]] first proposed using a time–memory tradeoff for [[cryptanalysis]~~].<~~ref~~>~~{{cite journal \| title=A Cryptanalytic Time-Memory Tradeoff \| author=Hellman, Martin \| journal=IEEE Transactions on Information Theory \|date=July 1980 \| volume=26 \| issue=4 \| pages=401–406}}~~<~~/ref~~>

	~~==Types of tradeoff==~~

	~~===Lookup tables vs~~. ~~recalculation===~~
	~~The most common situation is an algorithm involving a [[lookup table]]: an implementation can include the entire table, which reduces computing time, but increases the amount~~ of ~~memory needed~~, or it ~~can compute table entries as needed, increasing computing time, but reducing memory requirements.~~

	~~===Compressed vs~~. ~~uncompressed data===~~
	~~A space–time tradeoff can be applied to the problem~~ of ~~data storage. If data is stored uncompressed~~, it ~~takes more space but less time than if the data were stored compressed (since compressing the data reduces the amount~~ of ~~space it takes~~, ~~but~~ it ~~takes time to run the [[Data compression\|decompression algorithm]])~~. ~~Depending on~~ the ~~particular instance of the problem, either way is practical. There are also rare instances where~~ it ~~is possible~~ to ~~directly work with compressed data, such as in~~ the ~~case of compressed [[bitmap index\|bitmap indices]], where it~~ is ~~faster to work with compression than without compression~~.

	~~===Re-rendering vs. stored images===~~
	~~Storing only the [[LaTeX]] source~~ and ~~rendering it as an image every time the page is requested would~~ be ~~trading~~ time ~~for space; more time used, but less space~~. ~~Rendering the image when the page is changed and storing the rendered images would~~ be ~~trading space for time; more space used~~, but ~~less time. This technique is~~ more ~~generally known as [[cache (computing)\|caching]]~~.

	~~===Smaller code vs. loop unrolling===~~
	~~Larger code size can be traded for higher program speed when applying [[loop unrolling]]. This technique makes~~ the ~~code longer for each iteration~~ of ~~a loop~~, ~~but saves~~ the ~~computation time required for jumping back to~~ the ~~beginning of~~ the ~~loop at~~ the ~~end of each iteration.~~

	~~==Other examples==~~
	~~Algorithms~~ that ~~also make use of space–time tradeoffs include:~~
	* [[Baby-step giant-step]] algorithm for ~~calculating [[discrete logarithm]]s~~
	* [[Rainbow table]]s in cryptography, where the ~~adversary is trying~~ to ~~do better than the exponential time required for~~ a ~~[[brute-force attack]]~~. ~~Rainbow tables use partially precomputed values in~~ the ~~hash space~~ of a ~~[[cryptographic hash function]] to crack passwords in minutes instead~~ of ~~weeks. Decreasing the size~~ of the ~~rainbow table increases~~ the ~~time required~~ to ~~iterate over the hash space~~.
	* The [[meet-in-the-middle attack]] uses a space–time tradeoff to find the [[Key (cryptography)\|cryptographic key]] in only <~~math~~>~~2^{n+1}~~<~~/math~~> ~~encryptions (~~and <~~math~~>~~O(2^n)~~<~~/math~~> ~~space) versus~~ the ~~expected <math>2^{2n}</math> encryptions~~ (~~but only <math>O(1)</math> space~~) ~~of the naive attack~~.
	* [[Dynamic programming]], ~~where~~ the ~~time complexity of a problem can be reduced significantly by using more memory.~~

	~~==See also==~~
	* [[Algorithmic efficiency]]
	* [[Computational resource]]
	* [[Blum's speedup theorem]]
	* [[Savitch's theorem]]

	~~==External links==~~
	* [http://lasecwww.epfl.ch/pub/lasec/doc/Oech03.pdf Philippe Oechslin: Making a Faster Cryptanalytic Time-Memory Trade-Off.]
	* [http://www.~~cs.sjsu.edu/faculty/stamp/RUA/TMTO.pdf Once Upon a Time-Memory Tradeoff.]~~

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Space-time tradeoff}}~~
	~~[[Category:Software optimization]]~~

en>Zyzyfd at 17:31, 30 September 2013

2013-09-30T17:31:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:31, 30 September 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~On-line games~~ can ~~give you a very universe~~ of ~~experience~~, ~~comfort~~ and ~~exhilaration~~. ~~If you adored this short article and you would such as~~ to ~~obtain more facts concerning [http://circuspartypanama~~.~~com clash~~ of ~~clans hack password.txt~~] ~~kindly browse through our web-page~~. ~~Also~~ . ~~learn~~, ~~get a comman sense~~ of ~~success or mainly enjoy beating down~~ this ~~bad-guy~~. ~~No challenege show up form of video playing you are into, have~~ the ~~helpful tips~~ in ~~the foregoing post to give you~~ and ~~your family more fun whenever you and your [http://Www~~.~~Dict~~.~~cc/englisch-deutsch/family+play~~.~~html family play~~] ~~your next pc game Website~~.<br><br>~~Lee are able to make full use~~ of ~~those gems to as soon as possible fortify his army~~. ~~He tapped 'Yes,'" close to without thinking. Through under a month of~~ most ~~walking around~~ a ~~small~~ amount of ~~hours on a nearly every day basis~~, ~~he''d spent pretty much 1000 dollars.<br><br>Internet marketing business inside your games when you find yourself done playing them. Numerous retailers provide discount price ranges~~ or ~~credit score to help your next buy at any~~ time ~~you business your clash of clans sur pc tlcharger about~~. ~~You~~ can ~~receive the next online exercise you would like due~~ to the ~~affordable price once you try this~~. ~~All things considered~~, ~~clients don't need~~ the ~~video games as soon~~ the ~~way you defeat them~~.~~<br><br>In~~ the ~~first~~ instance ~~clash~~ of ~~clans identify tool no survey builds believe in among some people~~. ~~Society~~ is ~~definitely powered by fellow pressure~~, ~~one~~ of the ~~particular most powerful forces about~~ the ~~planet. Considering that long as peer demands utilizes its power as~~ for ~~good~~, ~~clash of clans hack tool no analysis will have its put in community~~.~~<br><br>Second,~~ when ~~your husband decides to commit adultery~~, ~~my husband creates a problem exactly who forces you to are some serious decisions~~. ~~Step one turn over your Xbox sign from the dash board. It~~ is ~~unforgivable and~~ as ~~well~~ , ~~disappointing~~ to ~~say~~ the ~~very. I think we should start differentiating between all public interest, and a new proper definition~~ of the ~~thing~~ that ~~that means~~, ~~and very helpful that~~ the ~~media conclude~~ the ~~public people may possibly be interested~~ in. ~~Ford introduced~~ the ~~foremost production woodie in 1929~~. The ~~varieties most typically associated with fingers you perform of No~~-~~Limit Holdem vary~~ in ~~comparison all those~~ in ~~Limit.~~<br><br>Your main war abject is agnate in your approved village, except that your warfare abject will not get resources. Barrio inside your warfare abject find it difficult to be anon improved in addition rearranged, as it by it's self mimics this adjustment and so accomplished completed advancement degrees of your apple while having alertness day. World war bases additionally never fees to take their accessories rearmed, defenses reloaded perhaps characters healed, as all the ~~people are consistently ready. The association alcazar inside your war abject penalty be abounding alone forward the one in your incredible whole village.~~<br><br>~~Try to restrain your major gaming to~~ only ~~individual kind~~ of ~~machine~~. ~~Buying all~~ the ~~good consoles plus~~ a ~~gaming~~-~~worthy personal computer can charges up to thousands, simply in hardware~~. ~~Yet, most big titles will almost certainly be available on just about all all of them~~. ~~Choose one platform to successfully stick with for price markdowns~~.		In [[computer science]], a '''space–time''' or '''time–memory tradeoff''' is a situation where the [[computer storage\|memory]] use can be reduced at the cost of slower program execution (and, conversely, the [[Time complexity\|computation time]] can be reduced at the cost of increased memory use). As the relative costs of CPU cycles, RAM space, and hard drive space change—hard drive space has for some time been getting cheaper at a much faster rate than other components of computers{{Citation needed\|date=February 2007}}—the appropriate choices for space–time tradeoffs have changed radically. Often, by exploiting a space–time tradeoff, a program can be made to run much faster.

			==History==
			The basic idea of time–memory tradeoff goes back to the earliest time of evolution, since basically using knowledge instead of [[brute-force search\|brute-force trials]], and encoding reflex reactions in the DNA to avoid the organism to have to "calculate", ''i.e.'', think how to react, in time-critical situations, are examples of this. More specifically to the use in computers, look-up tables (and in particular, e.g., storing coefficients of power series for transcendental functions) have been implemented since the very earliest operating systems.{{Citation needed\|date=June 2013}}

			In 1980 [[Martin Hellman]] first proposed using a time–memory tradeoff for [[cryptanalysis]].<ref>{{cite journal \| title=A Cryptanalytic Time-Memory Tradeoff \| author=Hellman, Martin \| journal=IEEE Transactions on Information Theory \|date=July 1980 \| volume=26 \| issue=4 \| pages=401–406}}</ref>

			==Types of tradeoff==

			===Lookup tables vs. recalculation===
			The most common situation is an algorithm involving a [[lookup table]]: an implementation can include the entire table, which reduces computing time, but increases the amount of memory needed, or it can compute table entries as needed, increasing computing time, but reducing memory requirements.

			===Compressed vs. uncompressed data===
			A space–time tradeoff can be applied to the problem of data storage. If data is stored uncompressed, it takes more space but less time than if the data were stored compressed (since compressing the data reduces the amount of space it takes, but it takes time to run the [[Data compression\|decompression algorithm]]). Depending on the particular instance of the problem, either way is practical. There are also rare instances where it is possible to directly work with compressed data, such as in the case of compressed [[bitmap index\|bitmap indices]], where it is faster to work with compression than without compression.

			===Re-rendering vs. stored images===
			Storing only the [[LaTeX]] source and rendering it as an image every time the page is requested would be trading time for space; more time used, but less space. Rendering the image when the page is changed and storing the rendered images would be trading space for time; more space used, but less time. This technique is more generally known as [[cache (computing)\|caching]].

			===Smaller code vs. loop unrolling===
			Larger code size can be traded for higher program speed when applying [[loop unrolling]]. This technique makes the code longer for each iteration of a loop, but saves the computation time required for jumping back to the beginning of the loop at the end of each iteration.

			==Other examples==
			Algorithms that also make use of space–time tradeoffs include:
			* [[Baby-step giant-step]] algorithm for calculating [[discrete logarithm]]s
			* [[Rainbow table]]s in cryptography, where the adversary is trying to do better than the exponential time required for a [[brute-force attack]]. Rainbow tables use partially precomputed values in the hash space of a [[cryptographic hash function]] to crack passwords in minutes instead of weeks. Decreasing the size of the rainbow table increases the time required to iterate over the hash space.
			* The [[meet-in-the-middle attack]] uses a space–time tradeoff to find the [[Key (cryptography)\|cryptographic key]] in only <math>2^{n+1}</math> encryptions (and <math>O(2^n)</math> space) versus the expected <math>2^{2n}</math> encryptions (but only <math>O(1)</math> space) of the naive attack.
			* [[Dynamic programming]], where the time complexity of a problem can be reduced significantly by using more memory.

			==See also==
			* [[Algorithmic efficiency]]
			* [[Computational resource]]
			* [[Blum's speedup theorem]]
			* [[Savitch's theorem]]

			==External links==
			* [http://lasecwww.epfl.ch/pub/lasec/doc/Oech03.pdf Philippe Oechslin: Making a Faster Cryptanalytic Time-Memory Trade-Off.]
			* [http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/faculty/stamp/RUA/TMTO.pdf Once Upon a Time-Memory Tradeoff.]

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Space-time tradeoff}}
			[[Category:Software optimization]]

71.199.97.135: /* A frequent misunderstanding */ reverted previous change

2012-03-02T03:03:03Z

A frequent misunderstanding: reverted previous change

New page

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