Logistic regression - Revision history

en>Monsterman222: /* Logistic function, odds, odds ratio, and logit */

2015-01-10T19:25:53Z

Logistic function, odds, odds ratio, and logit

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:25, 10 January 2015
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	~~Hello~~, ~~dear friend! I am Olen~~. ~~I smile~~ that ~~I could unify~~ to the ~~entire world~~. ~~I live in Netherlands~~, in the ~~GE region~~. ~~I dream~~ to ~~head~~ to the ~~various nations,~~ to ~~obtain familiarized with fascinating people~~.<br><br>~~my blog post -~~ [http://Youtu.be/1Dq7r4V9Bco marketing lead generation]		For small business organizations, even a simple video ad will work wonders for your online local marketing. <br><br>[https://Www.Flickr.com/search/?q=Selecting Selecting] an advertising budget and determining exactly how to spend it can possibly be among your most challenging decisions. Advertising [http://Youtu.be/1Dq7r4V9Bco marketing lead generation] options have changed and expanded considerably over the past few years, and updating your strategy definitely means taking full advantage of the new, digital marketplace. <br><br>How can you create a dynamic advertising campaign with a limited budget? Video. <br><br>Video gives you the opportunity to interact with your customers by allowing them to obtain to know you and your business, and feel comfortable with you. This is especially important for small, local businesses. Forrester Research Group says "video is 53 times more likely than text pages to appear on the first page of a search engine." Read: video drives search results. <br><br>You can, of course, hire a production company and have them make a video for you. If that option doesn't fit into your budget, you can make a very effective video yourself using simple software or an online video service. <br><br>Here are some tips to keep in your mind when making your advertising video: <br><br>Keep it short. [http://Www.Adobe.com/cfusion/search/index.cfm?term=&Studies&loc=en_us&siteSection=home Studies] show that we have an attention span of about 30 seconds. [http://youtu.be/1Dq7r4V9Bco craig productions] So if you are branding or making an advertising video, say what you need to say and at that point save the rest for follow up videos. <br><br>Combine video and still images. Mixing videos and stills of your product, employees, location and anything that you believe will interest your potential customers will add variety to your video ad. <br><br>Add a personal message. The message can be from you or some of your employees, or it could be a testimonial or recommendation from one of your customers. A little humor never hurts. Sometimes your very own gaffes in making the video can make it much more appealing. <br><br>Give your videos a call to action. Make things clear what the viewer should do after watching the video. Add a coupon or special promotion. Ensure your customer knows exactly how to find you. <br><br>Don't forget to include your phone number, address, website address and e-mail. You might even want to include a map if you have a brick and mortar location. Video engages your customer and sets you apart from those static ads you see on the Internet. Your videos can help you have a face they can come and recognize to trust.<br><br>If you have any queries concerning the place and how to use [http://Youtu.be/1Dq7r4V9Bco marketing lead generation], you can get in touch with us at our own web site.

en>Tertius51: /* Logistic function, odds ratio, and logit */ simplify where possible

2014-02-22T18:33:20Z

Logistic function, odds ratio, and logit: simplify where possible

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:33, 22 February 2014
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	~~{{Cleanup\|date=April 2008}}~~		Hello, dear friend! I am Olen. I smile that I could unify to the entire world. I live in Netherlands, in the GE region. I dream to head to the various nations, to obtain familiarized with fascinating people.<br><br>my blog post - [http://Youtu.be/1Dq7r4V9Bco marketing lead generation]
	~~A '''chi-squared test'''~~, also referred to as '''chi-square test''' or '''<math alt="χw²">\chi^2</math> test''', is any [[statistical]] [[hypothesis test]] in which the [[sampling distribution]] of the test statistic is a [[chi-squared distribution]] when the [[null hypothesis]] is true. ~~Also considered a chi-squared test is a test in which this is ''asymptotically'' true, meaning~~ that ~~the sampling distribution (if the null hypothesis is true) can be made~~ to ~~approximate a chi-squared distribution as closely as desired by making~~ the ~~sample size large enough~~.

	~~Some examples of chi-squared tests where the [[chi-squared distribution]] is only approximately valid:~~
	*[[Pearson's chi-squared test]], also known as the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test or chi-squared test for independence. When the chi-squared test is mentioned without any modifiers or without other precluding context, this test is usually meant (for an exact test used in ~~place of <math alt="χ²">\chi^2</math>, see [[Fisher's exact test]]).~~
	*[[Yates's correction for continuity]], ~~also known as Yates' chi-squared test.~~
	*[[Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics\|Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel chi-squared test]].
	*[[McNemar's test]], used in certain 2 × 2 tables with pairing
	*[[Tukey's test of additivity]]
	*The [[portmanteau test]] in ~~[[time-series analysis]], testing for~~ the ~~presence of [[autocorrelation]]~~
	*[[Likelihood-ratio test]]s in general statistical modelling, for testing whether there is evidence of the need to move from a simple model to a more complicated one (where the simple model is nested within the complicated one).

	One case where the distribution of the [[test statistic]] is an exact [[chi-squared distribution]] is the test that the variance of a normally distributed population has a given value based on a [[sample variance]]. Such a test is uncommon in practice because values of variances to test against are seldom known exactly.

	~~==Chi-squared test for variance in a normal population==~~
	If a sample of size ''n'' is taken from a population having a [[normal distribution]], then there is a result (see [[Variance#Distribution of the sample variance\|distribution of the sample variance]]) which allows a test to be made of whether the variance of the population has a pre-determined value. For example, a manufacturing process might have been in stable condition for a long period, allowing a value for the variance to be determined essentially without error. Suppose that a variant of the process is being tested, giving rise to a small sample of ''n'' product items whose variation is to be tested. The test statistic ''T'' in this instance could be set to be the ~~sum of squares about the sample mean~~, ~~divided by the nominal value for the variance (i.e. the value~~ to ~~be tested as holding). Then ''T'' has a chi-squared distribution~~ with ~~''n'' − 1 [[Degrees of freedom (statistics)\|degrees of freedom]]. For example if the sample size is 21, the acceptance region for ''T'' for a significance level of 5% is the interval 9.59 to 34.17.~~
	~~<!--~~
	~~==Chi-squared test for contingency table example==~~
	~~[[Dispute: This example is actually for a goodness-of-fit test, and NOT a test of independence in a contingency table]] [[Dispute claim is valid]]~~

	~~A chi-squared test may be applied on a [[contingency table]] for testing a null hypothesis of independence of rows and columns.~~

	~~As an example of the use of the chi-squared test, a fair coin is one where heads and tails are equally likely to turn up after it is flipped~~. Suppose one is given a coin and asked to test if it is fair. After 200 trials, heads turn up 153 times and tails result 147 times. The following is a chi-squared analysis, where the null hypothesis is that the coin is fair:

	~~{\|class="wikitable" align="center"~~
	~~\|+ Chi-squared calculation of coin tosses~~
	~~\| \|~~
	~~\| \| Heads~~
	~~\| Tails~~
	~~\| Total~~
	\|-
	~~\| \| Observed~~
	~~\| \| 53~~
	~~\| \| 47~~
	~~\| \| 100~~
	\|-
	~~\| \| Expected~~
	~~\| \| 50~~
	~~\| \| 50~~
	~~\| \| 100~~
	\|-
	~~\| \| (''O''  −  ''E'')~~<~~sup~~>2<~~/sup~~>
	~~\| \| 9~~
	~~\| \| 9~~
	~~\| \|~~
	\|-
	~~\| \| {{lang\|el\|χ}}<sup>2<~~/~~sup> = (''O'' − ''E'')<sup>2<~~/~~sup>/''E''~~
	~~\| \| 0.18~~
	~~\| \| 0.18~~
	~~\| \| 0~~.36
	\|}
	In this case, the test has one [[Degrees of freedom (statistics)\|degree of freedom]] and the chi-squared value is 0.36. In order to see whether this result is [[statistically significant]], the [[p-value]] (the probability that at least as extreme a result is observed when the null hypothesis is true) must be ~~calculated or looked up in a chart. The p-value, Prob(χ<sup>2<~~/sup> ≥ 0.36), is found to be 0.5485. There is thus a probability of about 55% of seeing data that deviates at least this much from the expected results if indeed the coin is fair. This probability is not considered statistically significant evidence of an unfair coin.-->

	~~==See also==~~
	~~{{Portal\|Statistics}}~~
	* [[Nomogram#Chi-squared_test_computation_nomogram\|Chi-squared test nomogram]]
	* [[G-test\|''G''-test]]
	* [[Minimum chi-square estimation]]
	* The [[Wald test]] can be evaluated against a chi-squared distribution.

	~~==References==~~
	* {{MathWorld \| urlname=Chi-SquaredTest \| title=Chi-Squared Test}}
	* Corder, G.W., Foreman, D.I. (2009).'' Nonparametric Statistics for Non-Statisticians: A Step-by-Step Approach'' Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-45461-9
	* Greenwood, P.E., Nikulin, M.S. (1996) ''A guide to chi-squared testing''. Wiley, New York. ISBN 0-471-55779-X
	* Nikulin, M.S. (1973). "Chi-squared test for normality". In: ''Proceedings of the International Vilnius Conference on Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics'', v.2, pp. 119–122.
	* Bagdonavicius, V., Nikulin, M.S. (2011) "Chi-square goodness-of-fit test for right censored data". ''The International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics'', p. 30-50.{{full\|date=January 2013}}

	~~{{Statistics}}~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Chi-Squared Test}}~~
	~~[[Category:Statistical tests]]~~
	~~[[Category:Non-parametric statistics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Categorical data]~~]

2604:2000:8504:6000:5984:B5F6:12FF:A0CC: /* Maximum likelihood estimation */ - tried to break up a huge paragraph with some bullets

2014-01-28T11:46:15Z

Maximum likelihood estimation: - tried to break up a huge paragraph with some bullets

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en>Esrever: /* Fields and examples of applications */ more cleanup

2012-08-09T05:08:20Z

Fields and examples of applications: more cleanup

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