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In the theory of [[von Neumann algebra]]s, a part of the mathematical field of [[functional analysis]], '''Tomita–Takesaki theory''' is a method for constructing '''modular automorphisms''' of von Neumann algebras from the [[polar decomposition]] of a certain involution. It is essential for the theory of [[von Neumann algebra#Type III factors|type III factors]], and has led to a good structure theory for these previously intractable objects.

The theory was first found by Minoru Tomita in about 1957–1967, but his work was hard to follow and mostly unpublished, and little notice was taken of it until {{harvs|txt|first=Masamichi |last=Takesaki|year=1970|authorlink=Masamichi Takesaki}} wrote an account of Tomita's theory.

==Modular automorphisms of a state==

Suppose that ''M'' is a von Neumann algebra acting on a Hilbert space ''H'', and Ω is a separating and cyclic vector of ''H'' of norm 1. ('''Cyclic''' means that ''MΩ'' is dense in ''H'', and '''separating''' means that the map from ''M'' to ''MΩ'' is injective.) We write φ for the state <math>\phi(x)=(x\Omega,\Omega)</math> of ''M'', so that ''H'' is constructed from φ using the [[GNS construction]].
We can define an unbounded antilinear operator ''S''0 on ''H'' with domain ''MΩ'' by setting

<math>S_0(m\Omega)=m^*\Omega</math>
for all ''m'' in ''M'', and similarly we can define an unbounded antilinear operator ''F''0 on ''H'' with domain ''M'Ω'' by setting
<math>F_0(m\Omega)=m^*\Omega</math>
for ''m'' in ''M''′, where ''M''′ is the commutant of ''M''.
These operators are closable, and we denote their closures by ''S'' and ''F'' = ''S''*. They have [[polar decomposition]]s

<math>S=J|S|=J\Delta^{1/2}=\Delta^{-1/2}J</math>

<math>F=J|F|=J\Delta^{-1/2}=\Delta^{1/2}J</math>

where <math>J=J^{-1}=J^{*}</math> is an antilinear isometry called the modular conjugation and <math>\Delta=S^*S=FS</math> is a positive self adjoint operator called the modular operator.

The main result of Tomita–Takesaki theory states that:

<math>\Delta^{it}M\Delta^{-it} = M</math>

for all ''t'' and that

<math>JMJ=M',</math>

the commutant of ''M''.

:There is a 1-parameter family of '''modular automorphisms''' σφ''t'' of ''M'' associated to the state φ, defined by <math>\sigma^{\phi_t}(x)=\Delta^{it}x\Delta^{-it}</math>

==The Connes cocycle==

The modular automorphism group of a von Neumann algebra ''M'' depends on the choice of state φ. [[Alain Connes|Connes]] discovered that changing the state does not change the image of the modular automorphism in the [[outer automorphism group]] of ''M''. More precisely, given two faithful states φ and ψ of ''M'', we can find unitary elements ''ut'' of ''M'' for all real ''t'' such that

<math>\sigma^{\psi_t}(x)=u_t\sigma^{\phi_t}(x)u_t^{-1} </math>
so that the modular automorphisms differ by inner automorphisms, and moreover ''ut'' satisfies the 1-cocycle condition

<math>u_{s+t}=u_s\sigma^{\phi_s}(u_t)</math>
In particular, there is a canonical homomorphism from the additive group of reals to the outer automorphism group of ''M'', that is independent of the choice of faithful state.

==KMS states==

The term ''KMS state'' comes from the Kubo–Martin–Schwinger condition in [[quantum statistical mechanics]].

A '''[[KMS state]]''' φ on a von Neumann algebra ''M'' with a given 1-parameter group of automorphisms α''t'' is a state fixed by the automorphisms such that for every pair of elements ''A'', ''B'' of ''M'' there is a bounded continuous function ''F'' in the strip 0≤Im(''t'')≤1, holomorphic in the interior, such that

<math>F(t)=\phi(A\alpha_t(B)),F(t+i)=\phi(a_t(B)A) </math>,

Takesaki and Winnink showed that a (faithful semi finite normal) state φ is a KMS state for the 1-parameter group of modular automorphisms σφ−''t''. Moreover this characterizes the modular automorphisms of φ.

(There is often an extra parameter, denoted by β, used in the theory of KMS states. In the description above this has been normalized to be 1 by rescaling the 1-parameter family of automorphisms.)

==Structure of type III factors==

We have seen above that there is a canonical homomorphism δ from the group of reals to the outer automorphism group of a von Neumann algebra, given by modular automorphisms. The kernel of δ is an important invariant of the algebra. For simplicity assume that the von Neumann algebra is a factor. Then the possibilities for the kernel of δ are:

* The whole real line. In this case δ is trivial and the factor is type I or II.
* A proper dense subgroup of the real line. Then the factor is called a factor of type III0.
* A discrete subgroup generated by some ''x'' > 0. Then the factor is called a factor of type IIIλ with 0 < λ = exp(−2''π''/''x'') < 1, or sometimes a Powers factor.
* The trivial group 0. Then the factor is called a factor of type III1. (This is in some sense the generic case.)

==Hilbert algebras==
{{see also|Commutation theorems}}

The main results of Tomita–Takesaki theory were proved using left and right Hilbert algebras.

A '''left Hilbert algebra''' is an algebra with involution ''x''→''x''♯ and an inner product (,) such that
# Left multiplication by a fixed ''a'' ∈ ''A'' is a bounded operator.
# ♯ is the adjoint; in other words (''xy'',''z'') = (''y'', ''x''♯''z'').
#The involution ♯ is preclosed
# The subalgebra spanned by all products ''xy'' is dense in ''A''.

A '''right Hilbert algebra''' is defined similarly (with an involution ♭) with left and right reversed in the conditions above.

A '''Hilbert algebra''' is a left Hilbert algebra such that in addition ♯ is an isometry, in other words (''x'',''y'') = (''y''♯, ''x''♯).

Examples:
If ''M'' is a von Neumann algebra acting on a Hilbert space ''H'' with a cyclic separating vector ''v'', then put ''A'' = ''Mv'' and define
(''xv'')(''yv'') = ''xyv'' and (''xv'')♯ = ''x''*''v''. Tomita's key discovery was that this makes ''A'' into a left Hilbert algebra, so in particular the closure of the operator ♯ has a polar decomposition as above. The vector ''v'' is the identity of ''A'', so ''A'' is a unital left Hilbert algebra.

If ''G'' is a locally compact group, then the vector space of all continuous complex functions on ''G'' with compact support is a right Hilbert algebra if multiplication is given by convolution, and ''x''♭(''g'') = ''x''(''g''−1)*.

==References==
*{{Citation | last1=Borchers | first1=H. J. | title=On revolutionizing quantum field theory with Tomita's modular theory | doi=10.1063/1.533323 | mr=1768633 | year=2000 | journal=[[Journal of Mathematical Physics]] | volume=41 | issue=6 | pages=3604–3673}}
**[http://www.lqp.uni-goettingen.de/papers/99/04/99042900.html Longer version with proofs]
*{{citation|first=O.|last=Bratteli|first2=D.W.|last2=Robinson|title=Operator Algebras and Quantum Statistical Mechanics 1, Second Edition|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=1987|isbn=3-540-17093-6}}
*{{Citation | last1=Connes | first1=Alain | author1-link=Alain Connes | title=Non-commutative geometry | url=ftp://ftp.alainconnes.org/book94bigpdf.pdf | publisher=[[Academic Press]] | location=Boston, MA | isbn=978-0-12-185860-5 | year=1994}}
*{{Citation | last1=Dixmier | first1=Jacques | title=von Neumann algebras | publisher=North-Holland | location=Amsterdam | series=North-Holland Mathematical Library | isbn=978-0-444-86308-9 | mr=641217 | year=1981 | volume=27}}
*{{eom|id=T/t120150|title=Tomita–Takesaki theory|first=A.|last=Inoue}}
*{{Citation | last1=Nakano | first1=Hidegorô | title=Hilbert algebras | mr=0041362 | year=1950 | journal=The Tohoku Mathematical Journal. Second Series | volume=2 | pages=4–23 | doi=10.2748/tmj/1178245666}}
*{{eom|id=H/h047230|title=Hilbert algebra|first=A.I.|last= Shtern}}
*{{Citation | first=S. J. |last=Summers|chapter=Tomita–Takesaki Modular Theory|arxiv=math-ph/0511034|editor1-last=Françoise | editor1-first=Jean-Pierre | editor2-last=Naber | editor2-first=Gregory L. | editor3-last=Tsun | editor3-first=Tsou Sheung | title=Encyclopedia of mathematical physics| publisher=Academic Press/Elsevier Science, Oxford | isbn=978-0-12-512660-1 | mr=2238867 | year=2006}}
*{{citation|first=M.|last= Takesaki|title=Tomita's theory of modular Hilbert algebras and its applications|series= Lecture Notes Math.|volume= 128 |publisher= Springer |year=1970|doi=10.1007/BFb0065832 |isbn =978-3-540-04917-3}}
*{{Citation | last1=Takesaki | first1=Masamichi | title=Theory of operator algebras. II | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | series=Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences | isbn=978-3-540-42914-2 | mr=1943006 | year=2003 | volume=125}}
*{{Citation | last1=Tomita | first1=Minoru | title=Fifth Functional Analysis Sympos. (Tôhoku Univ., Sendai, 1967) | publisher=Math. Inst. | location=Tôhoku Univ., Sendai | mr=0284822 | year=1967 | chapter=On canonical forms of von Neumann algebras | pages=101–102|language = Japanese}}
*{{citation|first=M.|last=Tomita|title=Quasi-standard von Neumann algebras|publisher=unpublished}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tomita-Takesaki theory}}
[[Category:Operator theory]]
[[Category:Von Neumann algebras]]

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en>BD2412: Intentional disambig linking as mandated by policy at WP:MOSDAB, WP:INTDABLINK, to remove link from list of errors needing repair. using AWB

en>PhnomPencil: Fixing links to disambiguation pages -- Reification using AWB