Discretization - Revision history

192.94.65.53: This page says that the discrete measurement noise covariance matrix, Rd, is the same as the continuous noise covariance matrix, R. There is a scaling of one over the sampling period that needs to go in there.

2014-08-26T11:31:41Z

This page says that the discrete measurement noise covariance matrix, Rd, is the same as the continuous noise covariance matrix, R. There is a scaling of one over the sampling period that needs to go in there.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:31, 26 August 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~This particular person who wrote some article is called Leland but it~~'~~s not this most masucline name on~~ the. ~~Managing people~~ is ~~undoubtedly where his primary purchases comes from~~. ~~His wife~~ and ~~him live from Massachusetts~~ and ~~he enjoys everything that he calls for there~~. [http://En.~~wiktionary~~.~~org~~/~~wiki/Base+jumping Base jumping~~] ~~is something~~ that ~~she~~ has ~~been doing~~ for a very ~~long time~~. ~~He might~~ be ~~running~~ and ~~maintaining per blog here: http://circuspartypanama~~.~~com~~<br><br>~~Look~~ into ~~my web page :: [http:~~//~~circuspartypanama~~.~~com clash of clans hacks no survey]~~		Hand calculators download from the according to hyperlink, if you're trying to find clash of families rid gems, elixir and magic. You'll get the greatest secret official document to get accessibility assets and endless rocks by downloading from adhering to links.<br><br>As explained in the very last Clash of Clans' Family Wars overview, anniversary romantic relationship war is breach back up into a couple phases: Alertness Day and Activity Day. Anniversary image lasts 24 hours and in addition means that you could certainly accomplish altered things.<br><br>The results displayed in the chart are too apparent regarding ignored. When you liked this article and you desire to obtain more information concerning [http://circuspartypanama.com clash of clans hacks no survey] generously check out our [http://Www.encyclopedia.com/searchresults.aspx?q=webpage webpage]. Even a child could work out that the nationwide debt has invariably relied upon clash of clans compromise tool no survey to some certain extent, but individuals need to that ever. Tons of analysts fear a immediately after depression.<br><br>So if you feel like you really targeted your enemy stain on in a shooter and still missed, make sure what weapon you will definitely be using. Just resembling in real life, distinct weapons have different strong points and weaknesses. All of the weapon you are using may not have your current short distance required or the weapon recoil is undoubtedly actually putting you a little bit off target.<br><br>Computing games are a lot of fun, but these items could be very tricky, also. If your organization are put on a brand new game, go on i would say the web and also seek for cheats. Most games have some good of cheat or cheats that can make persons a lot easier. Only search in very own favorite search engine and consequently you can certainly search for cheats to get you're action better.<br><br>Keep your eyes peeled about letting your son or daughter play online video games, especially games with live sound. There could be foul language in most channels, in addition a number of bullying behavior. You may also have child predators in these chat rooms. Know what your child is putting in and surveil these conversation times due to those protection.<br><br>It's a nice technique. Breaking the appraisement bottomward into chunks of their time that accomplish university to be able to bodies (hour/day/week) causes things to be accessible toward visualize. Everybody aware what it appears favor to accept to hold out a day. It happens to be additionally actual accessible with regard to tune. If someone change your current apperception after and adjudge those one day should largest part more, all you claims to complete is modify 1 value.

en>ReinerDE: Reference added for basic method

2014-02-13T14:04:55Z

Reference added for basic method

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:04, 13 February 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~[[File:Polynomialdeg3.svg\|thumb\|right\|A differentiable function]]~~		This particular person who wrote some article is called Leland but it's not this most masucline name on the. Managing people is undoubtedly where his primary purchases comes from. His wife and him live from Massachusetts and he enjoys everything that he calls for there. [http://En.wiktionary.org/wiki/Base+jumping Base jumping] is something that she has been doing for a very long time. He might be running and maintaining per blog here: http://circuspartypanama.com<br><br>Look into my web page :: [http://circuspartypanama.com clash of clans hacks no survey]
	~~[[File:Absolute value.svg\|right\|thumb\|The [[absolute value]] function is not differentiable at ''x'' = 0.]]~~
	~~[[File:Approximation of cos with linear functions without numbers.svg\|400px\|thumb\|Differentiable functions can be locally approximated by linear functions.]]~~

	In [[calculus]] (a branch of [[mathematics]]), a '''differentiable function''' of one [[real number\|real]] variable is a function whose [[derivative]] exists at each point in its [[Domain of a function\|domain]]. The [[Graph of a function\|graph]] of a differentiable function must have a non-vertical [[tangent line]] at each point in its domain. As a result, the graph of a differentiable function must be relatively smooth, and cannot contain any breaks, bends, [[Cusp (singularity)\|cusps]], or any points with a [[vertical tangent]].

	~~More generally, if ''x''<sub>0</sub> is a point in the domain of a function ''f'', then ''f''~~ is said to be '''differentiable at ''x''<sub>0</sub>''' if the derivative ''f''′(''x''<sub>0</sub>) exists. This means that the graph of ''f'' has a non-vertical tangent line at the point (''x''<sub>0</sub>, ''f''(''x''<sub>0</sub>)). The function ''f'' may also be called ~~'''locally linear''' at ''x''<sub>0</sub>, as~~ it ~~can be well approximated by a [[linear function]] near this point.~~

	~~==Differentiability and continuity==~~
	~~[[File:WeierstrassFunction.svg\|thumb\|right\|The [[Weierstrass function]] is continuous, but is not differentiable at any point.]]~~
	If ''f'' is differentiable at a point ''x''<sub>0</sub>, then ''f'' must also be [[continuous function\|continuous]] at ''x''<sub>0</sub>. In particular, any differentiable function must be continuous at every point in its domain. The converse does not ~~hold: a continuous function need not be differentiable. For example, a function with a bend, cusp, or vertical tangent may be continuous, but fails to be differentiable at~~ the ~~location of the anomaly.~~

	~~Most functions which occur in practice have derivatives at all points or at [[Almost everywhere\|almost every]] point~~. ~~However, a result of [[Stefan Banach]] states that the set of functions which have a derivative at some point~~ is ~~a [[meager set]] in the space of all continuous functions~~.~~<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Banach, S.\|title=Uber die Baire'sche Kategorie gewisser Funktionenmengen\|journal=Studia. Math.\|issue=3\|year=1931\|pages=174–179}}. Cited by {{cite book\|author=Hewitt, E~~ and ~~Stromberg, K\|title=Real~~ and ~~abstract analysis\|publisher=Springer-Verlag\|year=1963\|pages=Theorem 17.8\|nopp=true}}</ref> Informally, this means~~ that ~~differentiable functions are very atypical among continuous functions~~. ~~The first known example of a function that is continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere is the~~ [~~[Weierstrass function]].~~

	~~==Differentiability classes==~~
	~~{{main\|Smooth function}}~~
	A function ''f'' is said to be '''continuously differentiable''' if the derivative ''f''<nowiki>'</nowiki>(''x'') exists, and is itself a continuous function. Though the derivative of a differentiable function never has a [[jump discontinuity]], it is possible for the derivative to have an essential discontinuity. For example, the function
	:~~<math>f(x) \;=\; \begin{cases} x^2\sin (1~~/~~x) & \text{if }x \ne 0 \\ 0 & \text{if }x=0\end{cases}<~~/~~math>~~
	~~is differentiable at 0, since~~
	~~:<math>f'(0)=\lim_{\epsilon\to0}\left(\frac{\epsilon^2\sin(1/\epsilon)-0}{\epsilon}\right)=0,</math>~~
	~~exists~~. ~~However, for ''x''≠0,~~
	~~:<math>f'(x)=2x\sin(1~~/~~x)-\cos(1~~/~~x)</math>~~
	~~which has no limit as ''x'' → 0. Nevertheless, [[Darboux's theorem (analysis)\|Darboux's theorem~~]~~] implies~~ that ~~the derivative of any function satisfies the conclusion of the [[intermediate value theorem]]~~.

	~~Sometimes continuously differentiable functions are said to~~ be ~~of '''class ''C''<sup>1</sup>'''. A function is of '''class ''C''<sup>2</sup>''' if the first and [[second derivative]] of the function both exist~~ and are continuous. More generally, a function is said to be of '''class ''C''<sup>''k''</sup>''' if the first ''k'' derivatives ''f''′(''x''), ''f''″(''x''), ..., ''f''<sup>(''k'')</sup>(''x'') all exist and are continuous. If derivatives f<sup>(n)</sup> exist for all positive integers n, the function is [[smooth function\|smooth]] or, equivalently, of '''class ''C''<sup>''∞''</sup>'''.

	~~==Differentiability in higher dimensions==~~
	~~{{See also\|Multivariable calculus}}~~
	~~A [[function of several real variables]] {{math\|'''f'''~~: ~~'''R'''<sup>''m''</sup> → '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup>}} is said to be differentiable at a point {{math\|'''x<sub>0</sub>'''}} if [[there exists]] a [[linear map]] {{math\|'''J'''~~: ~~'''R'''<sup>''m''<~~/~~sup> → '''R'''<sup>''n''<~~/~~sup>}} such that~~
	~~:<math>\lim_{\mathbf{h}\to \mathbf{0}} \frac{\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x_0}+\mathbf{h}) - \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x_0}) - \mathbf{J}\mathbf{(h)}}{\\| \mathbf{h} \\|} = \mathbf{0}~~.<~~/math~~>
	~~If a function is differentiable at {{math\|'''x~~<~~sub~~>0</sub>'''}}, then all of the [[partial derivative]]s must exist at {{math\|'''x<sub>0</sub>'''}}, in which case the linear map {{math\|'''J'''}} is given by the [[Jacobian matrix]]. A similar formulation of the higher-dimensional derivative is provided by the [[fundamental increment lemma]] found in single-variable calculus.

	Note that existence of the partial derivatives (or even all of the [[directional derivative]]s) does not guarantee that a function is differentiable at a point. For example, the function {{math\|''f'': ~~'''R'''<sup>2</sup> → '''R'''}} defined by~~

	:~~<math>f(x,y) = \begin{cases}y & \text{if }y \ne x^2 \\ 0 & \text{if }y = x^2\end{cases}</math>~~

	~~is not differentiable at {{math\|(0, 0)}}, but all of the partial derivatives and directional derivatives exist at this point. For a continuous example, the function~~

	:~~<math>f(x,y) = \begin{cases}y^3~~/~~(x^2+y^2) & \text{if }(x,y) \ne (0,0) \\ 0 & \text{if }(x,y) = (0,0)\end{cases}<~~/~~math>~~

	~~is not differentiable at {{math\|(0, 0)}}, but again all of the partial derivatives and directional derivatives exist~~.

	~~It is known that if the partial derivatives~~ of a function all exist and are continuous in a [[Neighbourhood (mathematics)\|neighborhood]] of a point, then the function must be differentiable at that point, and is in fact of class ''C''<sup>1</sup>.

	~~==Differentiability in complex analysis==~~
	~~{{main\|Holomorphic function}}~~
	In [[complex analysis]], any function that is complex-differentiable in a neighborhood of a point is called [[holomorphic function\|holomorphic]]. Such a function is necessarily infinitely differentiable, and in fact [[Analytic function\|analytic]].

	~~==Differentiable functions on manifolds==~~
	~~{{See also\|Differentiable manifold#Differentiable functions}}~~
	If ''M'' is a [[differentiable manifold]], a real or complex-valued function ''f'' on ''M'' is said to be differentiable at a point ''p'' if it is differentiable with respect to some (or any) coordinate chart defined around ''p''. More generally, if ''M'' and ''N'' are differentiable manifolds, a function ''f'': ''M'' → ''N'' is said to be differentiable at a point ''p'' if it is differentiable with respect to some (or any) coordinate charts defined around ''p'' and ''f''(''p'').

	~~==See also==~~
	* [[Semi-differentiability]]
	* [[Generalizations of the derivative]]

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~[[Category:Differential calculus]]~~
	~~[[Category:Multivariable calculus]]~~
	~~[[Category:Smooth functions]~~]

en>Op47: Remove merge and split tags, no discussion and no obvious reason to do actions

2013-12-16T21:35:08Z

Remove merge and split tags, no discussion and no obvious reason to do actions

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:35, 16 December 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~I would like~~ to ~~introduce myself to you~~, ~~I am Andrew~~ and ~~my wife doesn~~'~~t like it~~ at all. ~~She~~ is ~~truly fond~~ of ~~caving~~ but ~~she doesn~~'t have the ~~time lately~~. ~~She works~~ as ~~a travel agent but quickly she~~'ll be ~~on her own~~. ~~Her family life in Alaska but her spouse desires them~~ to ~~transfer~~.<br><br>~~My site~~: [~~http~~://~~yadudynasty~~.~~com~~/~~index~~.~~php?do~~=/~~SergioGddkawdzq~~/~~blog~~/~~guidance~~-on-~~trying-out-~~a-~~fresh-hobby/ psychic phone readings~~]		[[File:Polynomialdeg3.svg\|thumb\|right\|A differentiable function]]
			[[File:Absolute value.svg\|right\|thumb\|The [[absolute value]] function is not differentiable at ''x'' = 0.]]
			[[File:Approximation of cos with linear functions without numbers.svg\|400px\|thumb\|Differentiable functions can be locally approximated by linear functions.]]

			In [[calculus]] (a branch of [[mathematics]]), a '''differentiable function''' of one [[real number\|real]] variable is a function whose [[derivative]] exists at each point in its [[Domain of a function\|domain]]. The [[Graph of a function\|graph]] of a differentiable function must have a non-vertical [[tangent line]] at each point in its domain. As a result, the graph of a differentiable function must be relatively smooth, and cannot contain any breaks, bends, [[Cusp (singularity)\|cusps]], or any points with a [[vertical tangent]].

			More generally, if ''x''<sub>0</sub> is a point in the domain of a function ''f'', then ''f'' is said to be '''differentiable at ''x''<sub>0</sub>''' if the derivative ''f''′(''x''<sub>0</sub>) exists. This means that the graph of ''f'' has a non-vertical tangent line at the point (''x''<sub>0</sub>, ''f''(''x''<sub>0</sub>)). The function ''f'' may also be called '''locally linear''' at ''x''<sub>0</sub>, as it can be well approximated by a [[linear function]] near this point.

			==Differentiability and continuity==
			[[File:WeierstrassFunction.svg\|thumb\|right\|The [[Weierstrass function]] is continuous, but is not differentiable at any point.]]
			If ''f'' is differentiable at a point ''x''<sub>0</sub>, then ''f'' must also be [[continuous function\|continuous]] at ''x''<sub>0</sub>. In particular, any differentiable function must be continuous at every point in its domain. The converse does not hold: a continuous function need not be differentiable. For example, a function with a bend, cusp, or vertical tangent may be continuous, but fails to be differentiable at the location of the anomaly.

			Most functions which occur in practice have derivatives at all points or at [[Almost everywhere\|almost every]] point. However, a result of [[Stefan Banach]] states that the set of functions which have a derivative at some point is a [[meager set]] in the space of all continuous functions.<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Banach, S.\|title=Uber die Baire'sche Kategorie gewisser Funktionenmengen\|journal=Studia. Math.\|issue=3\|year=1931\|pages=174–179}}. Cited by {{cite book\|author=Hewitt, E and Stromberg, K\|title=Real and abstract analysis\|publisher=Springer-Verlag\|year=1963\|pages=Theorem 17.8\|nopp=true}}</ref> Informally, this means that differentiable functions are very atypical among continuous functions. The first known example of a function that is continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere is the [[Weierstrass function]].

			==Differentiability classes==
			{{main\|Smooth function}}
			A function ''f'' is said to be '''continuously differentiable''' if the derivative ''f''<nowiki>'</nowiki>(''x'') exists, and is itself a continuous function. Though the derivative of a differentiable function never has a [[jump discontinuity]], it is possible for the derivative to have an essential discontinuity. For example, the function
			:<math>f(x) \;=\; \begin{cases} x^2\sin (1/x) & \text{if }x \ne 0 \\ 0 & \text{if }x=0\end{cases}</math>
			is differentiable at 0, since
			:<math>f'(0)=\lim_{\epsilon\to0}\left(\frac{\epsilon^2\sin(1/\epsilon)-0}{\epsilon}\right)=0,</math>
			exists. However, for ''x''≠0,
			:<math>f'(x)=2x\sin(1/x)-\cos(1/x)</math>
			which has no limit as ''x'' → 0. Nevertheless, [[Darboux's theorem (analysis)\|Darboux's theorem]] implies that the derivative of any function satisfies the conclusion of the [[intermediate value theorem]].

			Sometimes continuously differentiable functions are said to be of '''class ''C''<sup>1</sup>'''. A function is of '''class ''C''<sup>2</sup>''' if the first and [[second derivative]] of the function both exist and are continuous. More generally, a function is said to be of '''class ''C''<sup>''k''</sup>''' if the first ''k'' derivatives ''f''′(''x''), ''f''″(''x''), ..., ''f''<sup>(''k'')</sup>(''x'') all exist and are continuous. If derivatives f<sup>(n)</sup> exist for all positive integers n, the function is [[smooth function\|smooth]] or, equivalently, of '''class ''C''<sup>''∞''</sup>'''.

			==Differentiability in higher dimensions==
			{{See also\|Multivariable calculus}}
			A [[function of several real variables]] {{math\|'''f''': '''R'''<sup>''m''</sup> → '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup>}} is said to be differentiable at a point {{math\|'''x<sub>0</sub>'''}} if [[there exists]] a [[linear map]] {{math\|'''J''': '''R'''<sup>''m''</sup> → '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup>}} such that
			:<math>\lim_{\mathbf{h}\to \mathbf{0}} \frac{\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x_0}+\mathbf{h}) - \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x_0}) - \mathbf{J}\mathbf{(h)}}{\\| \mathbf{h} \\|} = \mathbf{0}.</math>
			If a function is differentiable at {{math\|'''x<sub>0</sub>'''}}, then all of the [[partial derivative]]s must exist at {{math\|'''x<sub>0</sub>'''}}, in which case the linear map {{math\|'''J'''}} is given by the [[Jacobian matrix]]. A similar formulation of the higher-dimensional derivative is provided by the [[fundamental increment lemma]] found in single-variable calculus.

			Note that existence of the partial derivatives (or even all of the [[directional derivative]]s) does not guarantee that a function is differentiable at a point. For example, the function {{math\|''f'': '''R'''<sup>2</sup> → '''R'''}} defined by

			:<math>f(x,y) = \begin{cases}y & \text{if }y \ne x^2 \\ 0 & \text{if }y = x^2\end{cases}</math>

			is not differentiable at {{math\|(0, 0)}}, but all of the partial derivatives and directional derivatives exist at this point. For a continuous example, the function

			:<math>f(x,y) = \begin{cases}y^3/(x^2+y^2) & \text{if }(x,y) \ne (0,0) \\ 0 & \text{if }(x,y) = (0,0)\end{cases}</math>

			is not differentiable at {{math\|(0, 0)}}, but again all of the partial derivatives and directional derivatives exist.

			It is known that if the partial derivatives of a function all exist and are continuous in a [[Neighbourhood (mathematics)\|neighborhood]] of a point, then the function must be differentiable at that point, and is in fact of class ''C''<sup>1</sup>.

			==Differentiability in complex analysis==
			{{main\|Holomorphic function}}
			In [[complex analysis]], any function that is complex-differentiable in a neighborhood of a point is called [[holomorphic function\|holomorphic]]. Such a function is necessarily infinitely differentiable, and in fact [[Analytic function\|analytic]].

			==Differentiable functions on manifolds==
			{{See also\|Differentiable manifold#Differentiable functions}}
			If ''M'' is a [[differentiable manifold]], a real or complex-valued function ''f'' on ''M'' is said to be differentiable at a point ''p'' if it is differentiable with respect to some (or any) coordinate chart defined around ''p''. More generally, if ''M'' and ''N'' are differentiable manifolds, a function ''f'': ''M'' → ''N'' is said to be differentiable at a point ''p'' if it is differentiable with respect to some (or any) coordinate charts defined around ''p'' and ''f''(''p'').

			==See also==
			* [[Semi-differentiability]]
			* [[Generalizations of the derivative]]

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			[[Category:Differential calculus]]
			[[Category:Multivariable calculus]]
			[[Category:Smooth functions]]

128.103.40.237 at 19:34, 11 July 2012

2012-07-11T19:34:52Z

New page

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