Dense graph - Revision history

128.42.66.93 at 17:21, 27 December 2014

2014-12-27T17:21:19Z

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	~~In the theory of [[von Neumann algebra]]s, a '''subfactor''' of a [[factor (functional analysis)\|factor]] ''M''~~ is ~~a subalgebra that is a factor and contains 1. The theory of subfactors led to the discovery of the~~		Andera is what you can call her but she by no means really favored [http://hknews.classicmall.com.hk/groups/some-simple-tips-for-personal-development-progress/ online psychic chat] that name. Office supervising is exactly where my main earnings arrives from but I've usually needed my personal business. For a while I've clairvoyants, [http://formalarmour.com/index.php?do=/profile-26947/info/ Read the Full Article], been in Mississippi but now I'm contemplating other options. To play lacross is the thing I adore most of all.<br><br>Also visit my blog post :: online psychic ([http://chungmuroresidence.com/xe/reservation_branch2/152663 http://chungmuroresidence.com/xe/reservation_branch2/152663])
	~~[[Jones polynomial]] in [[knot theory]].~~

	~~==Index of a subfactor==~~

	~~Usually ''M'' is taken to be a factor of type II<sub>1</sub>, so that it has a finite trace.~~
	~~In this case every Hilbert space module ''H'' has a dimension dim<sub>M</sub>(''H'') which is a non-negative real number or +∞.~~
	~~The '''index''' [''M'':''N'']~~ ~~of a subfactor ''N'' is defined to be dim<sub>N</sub>(''L''<sup>2</sup>(M)). Here ''L''<sup>2</sup>(''M'') is the representation~~
	~~of ''N'' obtained from the~~ [~~[GNS construction]] of the trace of ''M''.~~

	~~==The Jones index theorem==~~

	~~This states that~~
	~~if ''N'' is a subfactor of ''M'' (both of type II<sub>1</sub>) then the index [''M'' ~~:~~ ''N''] is either of the form 4 cos(π~~/~~''n'')<sup>2<~~/~~sup> for ''n'' = 3, 4, 5, ..~~.~~, or is at least 4~~. ~~All these values occur~~.

	~~The first few values of 4 cos(π~~/~~''n'')<sup>2<~~/~~sup> are 1, 2, (3 + √5)~~/~~2 = 2.618..., 3, 3.247..., ..~~.

	~~==The basic construction==~~

	~~Suppose that ''N''~~ is ~~a subfactor of ''M'~~'~~, and that both are finite von Neumann algebras~~.
	~~The GNS construction produces~~ a ~~Hilbert space ''L''<sup>2</sup>(''M'') acted on by ''M''~~
	~~with a cyclic vector Ω. Let ''e<sub>N</sub>'' be the projection onto the subspace ''NΩ''. Then ''M'' and ''e<sub>N</sub>'' generate a new von Neumann algebra <''M'~~', ''e<sub>N</sub>''> acting on ''L''<sup>2</sup>(''M''), containing ''M'' as a subfactor. The passage from the inclusion of ''N'' in ''M'' to the inclusion of ''M'' in <''M'', ''e<sub>N</sub>''> is called the '''basic construction'''.

	~~If ''N'' and ''M'' are both factors of type II<sub>1</sub> and ''N'' has finite index in ''M''~~
	~~then <''M'', ''e<sub>N</sub>''> is also of type II<sub>1</sub>.~~
	~~Moreover the inclusions have the same index:~~ [~~''M'':''N''] = [<''M'', ''e<sub>N</sub>''>~~ :~~''M''], and tr<sub><''M'', ''e<sub>N</sub>''></sub>(e<sub>N<~~/~~sub>) = 1~~/~~[''M'':''N'']~~.

	~~==The tower==~~
	~~Suppose that ''M''<sub>−1<~~/~~sub> &sube; ''M''<sub>0</sub> is an inclusion of type II<sub>1</sub> factors of finite~~ index. ~~By iterating the basic construction we get a tower of inclusions~~

	~~: ''M''<sub>−1</sub> &sube; ''M''<sub>0</sub> &sube; ''M''<sub>1</sub> &sube; ''M''<sub>2</sub> ...~~

	~~where each ''M''<sub>''n''+1</sub> = <''M''<sub>''n''</sub>, ''e''<sub>''n''+1</sub>> is generated~~
	by the previous algebra and a projection. The union of all these algebras has a tracial state ''tr'' whose restriction to each ''M''<sub>''n''</sub> is the tracial state, and so the closure of the union is another type II<sub>1 </sub> von Neumann algebra ''M''<sub>∞</sub>.

	The algebra ''M''<sub>∞</sub> contains a sequence of projections ''e''<sub>1</sub>,''e''<sub>2</sub>, ''e''<sub>3</sub>,..., which satisfy the [[Temperley–Lieb algebra\|Temperley–Lieb relations]] at parameter ''λ'' =~~ 1~~/[''M'' : ''N'']. Moreover, the algebra generated by the ''e''<sub>''n''</sub> is a C-~~algebra in which the ''e''<sub>''n''<~~/~~sub> are self-adjoint, and such that tr(''xe''<sub>''n''</sub>'')'' = ''λ'' tr(''x'') when ''x'' is in the algebra generated by ''e''<sub>1<~~/~~sub> up to ''e''<sub>''n''−1</sub>. Whenever these extra conditions are satisfied,~~ the algebra is called a Temperly–Lieb–Jones algebra at parameter ''λ''. It can be shown to be unique up to -isomorphism. It exists only when λ takes on those special values 4 cos(''π''/''n'')<sup>2</sup> for ''n'' = 3, 4, 5, ..., or the values larger than 4.

	~~==Principal graphs==~~
	~~A subfactor of finite index ''N'' <math> \subseteq</math> ''M'' is said to be '''irreducible''' if either of the following equivalent conditions is satisfied:~~

	* ''L''<sup>2</sup>(''M'') is irreducible as an (''N'', ''M'') bimodule;
	* the [[commutant\|relative commutant]~~] ''N'' ' <math>\cap</math> ''M'' is '''C'''.~~

	~~In this case ''L''<sup>2</sup>(''M'') defines an (''N'', ''M'') bimodule ''X'' as well as its conjugate (''M'', ''N'') bimodule ''X''*. The relative tensor product~~, ~~described~~ in ~~{{harvtxt\|Jones\|1983}} and often called~~ '''Connes fusion''' after a prior definition for general von Neumann algebras of [[Alain Connes]], can be used to define new bimodules over (''N'', ''M''), (''M'', ''N''), (''M'', ''M'') and (''N'', ''N'') by decomposing the following tensor products into irreducible components:

	:<math> X\boxtimes X^* \boxtimes \cdots \boxtimes X,\,\, X^\boxtimes X \boxtimes \cdots \boxtimes X^, \,\, X^* \boxtimes X \boxtimes \cdots \boxtimes X,\,\, X\boxtimes X^* \boxtimes \cdots \boxtimes X^*.</math>

	The irreducible (''M'', ''M'') and (''M'', ''N'') bimodules arising in this way form the vertices of the '''principal graph''', a [[bipartite graph]]. The directed edges of these graphs describe the way an irreducible bimodule decomposes when tensored with ''X'' and ''X''* on the right.
	~~The '''dual principal''' graph is defined in a similar way using (''N'', ''N'') and (''N'', ''M'') bimodules.~~

	~~Since any bimodule corresponds to the commuting actions of two factors, each factor is contained in the commutant of the~~ other ~~and therefore defines a subfactor~~. ~~When the bimodule is irreducible, its dimension~~ is ~~defined to be~~ the ~~square root~~ of ~~the index of this subfactor~~. ~~The dimension is extended additively to direct sums of irreducible bimodules. It is multiplicative with respect to Connes fusion.~~

	The subfactor is said to have '''finite depth''' if the principal graph and its dual are finite, i.e. if only finitely many irreducible bimodules occur in these decompositions. In this case if ''M'' and ''N'' are hyperfinite, Sorin Popa showed that the inclusion ''N'' <~~math~~>~~\subseteq~~<~~/math~~> ~~''M'' is isomorphic to the model~~

	:~~<math>(\mathbf{C}\otimes \mathrm{End}\, X^\boxtimes X \boxtimes X^\boxtimes \cdots)^{\prime\prime} \subseteq~~ (~~\mathrm{End}\, X\boxtimes X^* \boxtimes X \boxtimes X^* \boxtimes\cdots )^{\prime\prime},</math>~~

	~~where the II<sub>1</sub> factors are obtained from the GNS construction with respect to the canonical trace.~~

	~~==Knot polynomials==~~

	~~The algebra generated by the elements ''e''<sub>''n''</sub> with the relations above is called the [~~[Temperley–Lieb algebra]]. This is a quotient of the group algebra of the [[braid group]], so representations of the Temperley–Lieb algebra give representations of the braid group, which in turn often give invariants for knots.

	~~==References==~~

	*{{citation\|last=Jones\|first=V.F.R.\|authorlink=Vaughan Jones\|title=Index for subfactors\|journal=Invent. Math.\|volume= 72\|
	~~url=~~http://~~gdz.sub.uni-goettingen~~.de/~~no_cache/dms/load~~/~~img~~/~~?IDDOC=175031\|year=1983\| pages=1–25\|doi=10.1007/BF01389127}}~~
	*{{citation\|last= Wenzl\|first=H.G.\|title=Hecke algebras of type A<sub>n</sub> and subfactors\|journal=Invent. Math.\|volume= 92
	~~\|url=~~http://~~gdz~~.~~sub.uni-goettingen.de~~/~~no_cache/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=179061\|year=1988\|pages= 349–383\|doi= 10.1007/BF01404457\|issue= 2}}~~
	*V. Jones, V. S. Sunder, ''Introduction to subfactors'', ISBN 0-521-58420-5
	*Theory of Operator Algebras III by M. Takesaki ISBN 3-540-42913-1
	*A. J. Wassermann, [http://~~iml.univ-mrs.fr/~wasserm/OHS.ps Operators on Hilbert space]~~
	~~[[Category:Operator theory]]~~
	~~[[Category:Von Neumann algebras]~~]

en>David Eppstein: /* Sparse and tight graphs */ when does the Streinu–Theran algorithm work

2013-12-05T22:46:39Z

Sparse and tight graphs: when does the Streinu–Theran algorithm work

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:46, 6 December 2013
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	~~Hi there~~, ~~I am Alyson Boon although~~ it is ~~not~~ the ~~title~~ on ~~my birth certificate~~. ~~To climb~~ is ~~some thing I truly appreciate performing~~. ~~Ohio~~ is ~~exactly~~ where ~~his house~~ is and ~~his family members enjoys it~~. ~~She works as~~ a ~~travel agent but soon she~~'ll be on ~~her own~~.<br><br>~~Here~~ is ~~my blog post~~ :: ~~phone psychic -~~ [http://~~165~~.~~132~~.39.93/xe/~~visitors~~/~~372912~~ http://~~165~~.~~132~~.39.93/xe/~~visitors~~/~~372912~~],		In the theory of [[von Neumann algebra]]s, a '''subfactor''' of a [[factor (functional analysis)\|factor]] ''M'' is a subalgebra that is a factor and contains 1. The theory of subfactors led to the discovery of the
			[[Jones polynomial]] in [[knot theory]].

			==Index of a subfactor==

			Usually ''M'' is taken to be a factor of type II<sub>1</sub>, so that it has a finite trace.
			In this case every Hilbert space module ''H'' has a dimension dim<sub>M</sub>(''H'') which is a non-negative real number or +∞.
			The '''index''' [''M'':''N''] of a subfactor ''N'' is defined to be dim<sub>N</sub>(''L''<sup>2</sup>(M)). Here ''L''<sup>2</sup>(''M'') is the representation
			of ''N'' obtained from the [[GNS construction]] of the trace of ''M''.

			==The Jones index theorem==

			This states that
			if ''N'' is a subfactor of ''M'' (both of type II<sub>1</sub>) then the index [''M'' : ''N''] is either of the form 4 cos(π/''n'')<sup>2</sup> for ''n'' = 3, 4, 5, ..., or is at least 4. All these values occur.

			The first few values of 4 cos(π/''n'')<sup>2</sup> are 1, 2, (3 + √5)/2 = 2.618..., 3, 3.247..., ...

			==The basic construction==

			Suppose that ''N'' is a subfactor of ''M'', and that both are finite von Neumann algebras.
			The GNS construction produces a Hilbert space ''L''<sup>2</sup>(''M'') acted on by ''M''
			with a cyclic vector Ω. Let ''e<sub>N</sub>'' be the projection onto the subspace ''NΩ''. Then ''M'' and ''e<sub>N</sub>'' generate a new von Neumann algebra <''M'', ''e<sub>N</sub>''> acting on ''L''<sup>2</sup>(''M''), containing ''M'' as a subfactor. The passage from the inclusion of ''N'' in ''M'' to the inclusion of ''M'' in <''M'', ''e<sub>N</sub>''> is called the '''basic construction'''.

			If ''N'' and ''M'' are both factors of type II<sub>1</sub> and ''N'' has finite index in ''M''
			then <''M'', ''e<sub>N</sub>''> is also of type II<sub>1</sub>.
			Moreover the inclusions have the same index: [''M'':''N''] = [<''M'', ''e<sub>N</sub>''> :''M''], and tr<sub><''M'', ''e<sub>N</sub>''></sub>(e<sub>N</sub>) = 1/[''M'':''N''].

			==The tower==
			Suppose that ''M''<sub>−1</sub> &sube; ''M''<sub>0</sub> is an inclusion of type II<sub>1</sub> factors of finite index. By iterating the basic construction we get a tower of inclusions

			: ''M''<sub>−1</sub> &sube; ''M''<sub>0</sub> &sube; ''M''<sub>1</sub> &sube; ''M''<sub>2</sub> ...

			where each ''M''<sub>''n''+1</sub> = <''M''<sub>''n''</sub>, ''e''<sub>''n''+1</sub>> is generated
			by the previous algebra and a projection. The union of all these algebras has a tracial state ''tr'' whose restriction to each ''M''<sub>''n''</sub> is the tracial state, and so the closure of the union is another type II<sub>1 </sub> von Neumann algebra ''M''<sub>∞</sub>.

			The algebra ''M''<sub>∞</sub> contains a sequence of projections ''e''<sub>1</sub>,''e''<sub>2</sub>, ''e''<sub>3</sub>,..., which satisfy the [[Temperley–Lieb algebra\|Temperley–Lieb relations]] at parameter ''λ'' = 1/[''M'' : ''N'']. Moreover, the algebra generated by the ''e''<sub>''n''</sub> is a C-algebra in which the ''e''<sub>''n''</sub> are self-adjoint, and such that tr(''xe''<sub>''n''</sub>'')'' = ''λ'' tr(''x'') when ''x'' is in the algebra generated by ''e''<sub>1</sub> up to ''e''<sub>''n''−1</sub>. Whenever these extra conditions are satisfied, the algebra is called a Temperly–Lieb–Jones algebra at parameter ''λ''. It can be shown to be unique up to -isomorphism. It exists only when λ takes on those special values 4 cos(''π''/''n'')<sup>2</sup> for ''n'' = 3, 4, 5, ..., or the values larger than 4.

			==Principal graphs==
			A subfactor of finite index ''N'' <math> \subseteq</math> ''M'' is said to be '''irreducible''' if either of the following equivalent conditions is satisfied:

			* ''L''<sup>2</sup>(''M'') is irreducible as an (''N'', ''M'') bimodule;
			* the [[commutant\|relative commutant]] ''N'' ' <math>\cap</math> ''M'' is '''C'''.

			In this case ''L''<sup>2</sup>(''M'') defines an (''N'', ''M'') bimodule ''X'' as well as its conjugate (''M'', ''N'') bimodule ''X''*. The relative tensor product, described in {{harvtxt\|Jones\|1983}} and often called '''Connes fusion''' after a prior definition for general von Neumann algebras of [[Alain Connes]], can be used to define new bimodules over (''N'', ''M''), (''M'', ''N''), (''M'', ''M'') and (''N'', ''N'') by decomposing the following tensor products into irreducible components:

			:<math> X\boxtimes X^* \boxtimes \cdots \boxtimes X,\,\, X^\boxtimes X \boxtimes \cdots \boxtimes X^, \,\, X^* \boxtimes X \boxtimes \cdots \boxtimes X,\,\, X\boxtimes X^* \boxtimes \cdots \boxtimes X^*.</math>

			The irreducible (''M'', ''M'') and (''M'', ''N'') bimodules arising in this way form the vertices of the '''principal graph''', a [[bipartite graph]]. The directed edges of these graphs describe the way an irreducible bimodule decomposes when tensored with ''X'' and ''X''* on the right.
			The '''dual principal''' graph is defined in a similar way using (''N'', ''N'') and (''N'', ''M'') bimodules.

			Since any bimodule corresponds to the commuting actions of two factors, each factor is contained in the commutant of the other and therefore defines a subfactor. When the bimodule is irreducible, its dimension is defined to be the square root of the index of this subfactor. The dimension is extended additively to direct sums of irreducible bimodules. It is multiplicative with respect to Connes fusion.

			The subfactor is said to have '''finite depth''' if the principal graph and its dual are finite, i.e. if only finitely many irreducible bimodules occur in these decompositions. In this case if ''M'' and ''N'' are hyperfinite, Sorin Popa showed that the inclusion ''N'' <math>\subseteq</math> ''M'' is isomorphic to the model

			:<math>(\mathbf{C}\otimes \mathrm{End}\, X^\boxtimes X \boxtimes X^\boxtimes \cdots)^{\prime\prime} \subseteq (\mathrm{End}\, X\boxtimes X^* \boxtimes X \boxtimes X^* \boxtimes\cdots )^{\prime\prime},</math>

			where the II<sub>1</sub> factors are obtained from the GNS construction with respect to the canonical trace.

			==Knot polynomials==

			The algebra generated by the elements ''e''<sub>''n''</sub> with the relations above is called the [[Temperley–Lieb algebra]]. This is a quotient of the group algebra of the [[braid group]], so representations of the Temperley–Lieb algebra give representations of the braid group, which in turn often give invariants for knots.

			==References==

			*{{citation\|last=Jones\|first=V.F.R.\|authorlink=Vaughan Jones\|title=Index for subfactors\|journal=Invent. Math.\|volume= 72\|
			url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=175031\|year=1983\| pages=1–25\|doi=10.1007/BF01389127}}
			*{{citation\|last= Wenzl\|first=H.G.\|title=Hecke algebras of type A<sub>n</sub> and subfactors\|journal=Invent. Math.\|volume= 92
			\|url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=179061\|year=1988\|pages= 349–383\|doi= 10.1007/BF01404457\|issue= 2}}
			*V. Jones, V. S. Sunder, ''Introduction to subfactors'', ISBN 0-521-58420-5
			*Theory of Operator Algebras III by M. Takesaki ISBN 3-540-42913-1
			*A. J. Wassermann, [http://iml.univ-mrs.fr/~wasserm/OHS.ps Operators on Hilbert space]
			[[Category:Operator theory]]
			[[Category:Von Neumann algebras]]

en>Helpful Pixie Bot: ISBNs (Build KC)

2012-05-06T19:59:57Z

ISBNs (Build KC)

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