Cuban prime - Revision history

en>K9re11: /* See also */ the link is already above

2014-12-14T02:53:10Z

See also: the link is already above

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88.159.76.145 at 19:56, 18 February 2014

2014-02-18T19:56:50Z

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	In [~~[mathematics]~~]~~, '''codimension'''~~ is ~~a basic geometric idea that applies to [[vector subspace\|subspaces]] in [[vector space]]s, and also to [[submanifold]]s in [[manifold]]s, and suitable [[subset]]s of [[algebraic varieties]].~~		[http://Www.Catrina.com/ Catrina] Le is what's written on her birth qualification though she doesn't truly like being called such as that. Her job happens to be a cashier but inside the her husband and your girl will start their own family based business. To drive is something why she's been doing in numerous drinks .. For years she's been living with Vermont. Go to the actual woman's website to find to choose from more: http://circuspartypanama.com/<br><br>Review my web-site ... [http://circuspartypanama.com/ clash of clans triche]

	~~Informally, if you have a big thing and you take something out of it, then you can say <math>\text{what you took out} + \text{~~what's ~~left over} = \text{original thing}</math>. This assumes~~ that ~~"Taking something out" works in a certain way, which is covered by the mathematical assumptions describing when codimension is meaningful~~.

	~~The dual concept is [[relative dimension]].~~

	~~==Definition==~~
	~~Codimension is~~ a ~~''relative'' concept: it is only defined for one object ''~~inside~~'' another. There is no “codimension of a vector space (in isolation)”, only~~ the ~~codimension of a vector ''sub''space~~.

	~~If ''W''~~ is ~~a [[linear subspace]] of a [[finite-dimensional]] [[vector space]] ''V'', then the '''codimension''' of ''W'~~' in ~~''V'' is the difference between the dimensions:~~
	~~:<math>\operatorname{codim}(W) = \dim(V) - \dim(W)~~.~~</math>~~
	~~It is the complement of the dimension of~~ '~~'W,'' in that,~~ with the ~~dimension of~~ '~~'W,'' it adds up~~ to ~~the dimension of the [[ambient space]] ''V~~:''
	:~~<math>\dim(W) + \operatorname{codim}(W) = \dim(V).<~~/~~math>~~

	~~Similarly, if ''N'' is a submanifold or subvariety in ''M'', then the codimension of ''N'' in ''M'' is~~
	~~:<math>\operatorname{codim}(N) = \dim(M) - \dim(N).<~~/~~math>~~
	Just as the dimension of a submanifold is the dimension of the [[tangent bundle]] (the number of dimensions that you can move ''on'' the submanifold), the codimension is the dimension of the [[normal bundle]] (the number of dimensions you can move ''off'' the submanifold).

	More generally, if ''W'' is a [[linear subspace]] of a (possibly infinite dimensional) [[vector space]] ''V'' then the codimension of ''W'' in ''V'' is the dimension (possibly infinite) of the [[quotient space (linear algebra)\|quotient space]] ''V''/~~''W'', which is more abstractly known as the [[cokernel]] of the inclusion. For finite-dimensional vector spaces, this agrees with the previous definition~~
	:<~~math~~>~~\operatorname{codim}(W) = \dim(V/W) = \dim \operatorname{coker} ( W \to V ) = \dim(V) - \dim(W),~~<~~/math~~>
	~~and is dual to the relative dimension as the dimension of the [[kernel (algebra)\|kernel]]~~.

	~~Finite-codimensional subspaces of infinite-dimensional spaces are often useful in the study of [[topological vector space]]s~~.

	~~==Additivity of codimension and dimension counting==~~
	~~The fundamental property of codimension lies in its relation to [~~[intersection (set theory)\|intersection]]: if ''W''<sub>1</sub> has codimension ''k''<sub>1</sub>, and ''W''<sub>2</sub> has codimension ''k''<sub>2</sub>, then if ''U'' is their intersection with codimension ''j'' we have

	:~~max (''k''<sub>1<~~/~~sub>, ''k''<sub>2<~~/~~sub>) ≤ ''j'' ≤ ''k''<sub>1</sub> + ''k''<sub>2</sub>.~~

	~~In fact ''j'' may take any [[integer]] value in this range~~. ~~This statement is more perspicuous than the translation in terms of dimensions, because the [[Sides of an equation\|RHS]] is just the sum of the codimensions. In words~~

	~~:''codimensions (at most) add''.~~
	~~:If the subspaces or submanifolds intersect [[Transversality_(mathematics)\|transversally]] (which occurs [[General position\|generically]]), codimensions add exactly.~~

	~~This statement is called '''dimension counting,''' particularly in [[intersection theory]].~~

	~~==Dual interpretation==~~
	In terms of the [[dual space]], it is quite evident why dimensions add. The subspaces can be defined by the vanishing of a certain number of [[linear functional]]s, which if we take to be [[linearly independent]], their number is the codimension. Therefore we see that ''U'' is defined by taking the [[union (set theory)\|union]] of the sets of linear functionals defining the ''W''<sub>i</sub>. That union may introduce some degree of [[linear dependence]]: the possible values of ''j'' express that dependence, with the RHS sum being the case where there is no dependence. This definition of codimension in terms of the number of functions needed to cut out a subspace extends to situations in which both the ambient space and subspace are infinite dimensional.

	In other language, which is basic for any kind of [[intersection theory]], we are taking the union of a certain number of [[Constraint (mathematics)\|constraint]]s. We have two phenomena to look out for:

	~~# the two sets of constraints may not be independent;~~
	~~# the two sets of constraints may not be compatible.~~

	~~The first of these is often expressed as the '''principle of counting [[Constraint (mathematics)\|constraints]]''': if we have a number ''N''~~ of [[parameter]]s to adjust (i.e. we have ''N'' [[degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)\|degrees of freedom]]), and a constraint means we have to 'consume' a parameter to satisfy it, then the codimension of the [[solution set]] is ''at most'' the number of constraints. We do not expect to be able to find a solution if the predicted codimension, i.e. the number of ''independent'' constraints, exceeds ''N'' (in the linear algebra case, there is always a ''trivial'', [[null vector]] solution, which is therefore discounted).

	The second is a matter of geometry, on the model of [[parallel lines]]; it is something that can be discussed for [[linear problem]]s by methods of linear algebra, and for non-linear problems in [[projective space]], over the [[complex number]] field.

	~~==In geometric topology==~~
	Codimension also has some clear meaning in [[geometric topology]]: on a manifold, codimension 1 is the dimension of topological disconnection by a submanifold, while codimension 2 is the dimension of [[ramification]] and [[knot theory]]. In fact, the theory of high dimensional manifolds, which starts in dimension 5 and above, can alternatively be said to start in codimension 3, because higher codimensions avoid the phenomenon of knots. Since [[surgery theory]] requires working up to the middle dimension, once one is in dimension 5, the middle dimension has codimension greater than 2, and hence one avoids knots.

	This quip is not vacuous: the study of embeddings in codimension 2 is knot theory, and difficult, while the study of embeddings in codimension 3 or more is amenable to the tools of high dimensional geometric topology, and hence considerably easier.

	~~==See also==~~
	*[[glossary of differential geometry and topology]]

	~~==References==~~
	*{{Springer\|id=C/c022870\|title=Codimension}}

	~~[[Category:Algebraic geometry]]~~
	~~[[Category:Geometric topology]]~~
	~~[[Category:Linear algebra]]~~
	~~[[Category:Dimension]~~]

109.154.32.1 at 15:39, 22 December 2013

2013-12-22T15:39:01Z

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en>Coastside: /* references */ cleaned up references

2012-06-02T11:40:55Z

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