Cross entropy - Revision history

en>Densonsmith: /* References */ added reference

2015-01-08T22:56:17Z

References: added reference

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:56, 9 January 2015
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	~~{{unreferenced\|date=March 2011}}~~		My name is Shannan (35 years old) and my hobbies are Stamp collecting and Fantasy Football.<br><br>My site: [http://www.strasti.ru/modules.php?name=Your_Account&op=userinfo&username=SHartman Fifa 15 Coin Generator]
	~~'''Alpha'''~~ is ~~a [[risk]]-adjusted measure of the so-called [[active return]] on an [[investment]]. It is the return in excess of the compensation for the risk borne,~~ and ~~thus commonly used to assess [[active management\|active managers]]' performances~~. ~~Often, the return of a benchmark is subtracted in order to consider relative performance, which yields [[Jensen's alpha]].~~

	~~The '''alpha coefficient''' (~~<~~math~~>~~\alpha_i~~<~~/math~~>) is a parameter in the [[Capital Asset Pricing Model]] (CAPM). It is the [[root of a function\|intercept]] of the [[security characteristic line]] (SCL), that is, the coefficient of the constant in a market model regression.
	:~~<math>\mathrm{SCL} : R_{i,t} - R_{f} = \alpha_i + \beta_i\, ( R_{M,t} - R_{f} ) + \epsilon_{i,t} \frac{}{}</math>~~

	~~It can be shown that in an~~ [[Efficient-market hypothesis\|efficient market]], the expected value of the alpha coefficient is zero. Therefore the alpha coefficient indicates how an investment has performed after accounting for the risk it involved:

	*<math>\alpha_i < 0 </~~math>: the investment has earned too little for its risk (or, was too risky for the return)~~
	*<math>\alpha_i = 0 </~~math>: the investment has earned a return adequate for the risk taken~~
	*<math>\alpha_i > 0 </math>: the investment has a return in excess of the reward for the assumed risk

	~~For instance, although a return of 20% may appear good, the investment can still have a negative alpha if it's involved in an excessively risky position~~.

	~~==Origin of the concept==~~

	A belief in efficient markets spawned the creation of market capitalization weighted index funds that seek to replicate the performance of investing in an entire market in the weights that each of the equity securities comprises in the overall market.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2008}} The best examples for the US are the [[S&P 500]] and the [[Wilshire 5000]] which approximately represent the 500 most widely held equities and the largest 5000 securities respectively, accounting for approximately 80%+ and 99%+ of the total market capitalization of the US market as a whole.

	In fact, to many investors,{{Citation needed\|date=March 2008}} this phenomenon created a new standard of performance that must be matched: an investment manager should not only avoid losing money for the client and should make a certain amount of money, but in fact should make more money than the passive strategy of investing in everything equally (since this strategy appeared to be statistically more likely to be successful than the strategy of any one investment manager). ~~The~~ name ~~for the additional return above the [[expected return]] of the beta adjusted return of the market is called "Alpha".~~

	==~~Relation to beta=~~=
	~~{{main\|Beta (finance)}}~~
	~~Besides an investment manager simply making more money than a passive strategy, there is another issue:~~
	although the strategy of investing in every stock appeared to perform better than 75 percent of investment managers (see [[index fund]]), the price of the stock market as a whole [[conjuncture\|fluctuates]] up and down, and could be on a downward decline for many years before returning to its previous price.

	The passive strategy appeared to generate the market-beating return over periods of 10 years or more. This strategy may be risky for those who feel they might need to withdraw their money before a 10-year holding period, for example. Thus investment managers who employ a strategy which is less likely to lose money in a particular year are often chosen by those investors who feel that they might need to withdraw their money sooner.

	Investors can use both alpha and beta to judge a manager's performance. If the manager has had a high alpha, but also a high beta, investors might not find that acceptable, because of the chance they might have to withdraw their money when the investment is doing poorly.

	~~These concepts not only apply to investment managers, but to any kind of investment.~~

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~==Further reading==~~
	* Bruce J. Feibel. ''Investment Performance Measurement''. New York: Wiley, 2003. ISBN 0-471-26849-6

	~~==External links==~~
	* [http://www.businessvaluation.us International Association of CPAs, Attorneys, and Management (IACAM) (Free Business Valuation E-Book Guidebook)]
	* [http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Alpha The financial-dictionary entry on alpha]
	* [http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/alpha.asp Investopedia Alpha Definition]
	* [http://www.forexbasecamp.com/advanced-forex-concepts/five-technical-risk-ratios-in-forex-trading Five Technical Risk Ratios]
	* [http://www.macroaxis.com/invest/alphaSearch/GOOG Alpha analysis for global equities] Free alpha look-up
	* [http://www.tradersmagazine.com/issues/26_353/hedge-fund-lake-hill-creates-value-trading-index-options-111339-1.html Traders Magazine] Seeking Alpha - New York hedge fund creates value trading index options

	~~{{stock market}}~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Alpha (Investment)}}~~
	~~[[Category:Investment]]~~
	~~[[Category:Mathematical finance]]~~
	~~[[Category:Finance theories]]~~
	~~[[Category:Financial ratios]~~]

174.53.163.11 at 23:50, 31 October 2013

2013-10-31T23:50:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:50, 1 November 2013
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	~~Greetings~~. The ~~writer~~'~~s name~~ is ~~Phebe and she feels comfortable when individuals use~~ the ~~full name~~. ~~North Dakota~~ is ~~our birth location~~. ~~One~~ of the ~~very~~ best ~~things~~ in the ~~world~~ for ~~him~~ is to ~~gather badges but he~~ is ~~having difficulties~~ to ~~find time~~ for it. ~~Supervising~~ is ~~my occupation~~.~~<br><br>Here~~ is ~~my web~~-~~site;~~ [http://~~Www~~.~~Myprgenie~~.com/~~view~~-~~publication~~/~~how~~-to-be-~~successful~~-~~with~~-~~your~~-~~weight~~-~~loss~~-~~goals weight loss food delivery~~]		{{unreferenced\|date=March 2011}}
			'''Alpha''' is a [[risk]]-adjusted measure of the so-called [[active return]] on an [[investment]]. It is the return in excess of the compensation for the risk borne, and thus commonly used to assess [[active management\|active managers]]' performances. Often, the return of a benchmark is subtracted in order to consider relative performance, which yields [[Jensen's alpha]].

			The '''alpha coefficient''' (<math>\alpha_i</math>) is a parameter in the [[Capital Asset Pricing Model]] (CAPM). It is the [[root of a function\|intercept]] of the [[security characteristic line]] (SCL), that is, the coefficient of the constant in a market model regression.
			:<math>\mathrm{SCL} : R_{i,t} - R_{f} = \alpha_i + \beta_i\, ( R_{M,t} - R_{f} ) + \epsilon_{i,t} \frac{}{}</math>

			It can be shown that in an [[Efficient-market hypothesis\|efficient market]], the expected value of the alpha coefficient is zero. Therefore the alpha coefficient indicates how an investment has performed after accounting for the risk it involved:

			*<math>\alpha_i < 0 </math>: the investment has earned too little for its risk (or, was too risky for the return)
			*<math>\alpha_i = 0 </math>: the investment has earned a return adequate for the risk taken
			*<math>\alpha_i > 0 </math>: the investment has a return in excess of the reward for the assumed risk

			For instance, although a return of 20% may appear good, the investment can still have a negative alpha if it's involved in an excessively risky position.

			==Origin of the concept==

			A belief in efficient markets spawned the creation of market capitalization weighted index funds that seek to replicate the performance of investing in an entire market in the weights that each of the equity securities comprises in the overall market.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2008}} The best examples for the US are the [[S&P 500]] and the [[Wilshire 5000]] which approximately represent the 500 most widely held equities and the largest 5000 securities respectively, accounting for approximately 80%+ and 99%+ of the total market capitalization of the US market as a whole.

			In fact, to many investors,{{Citation needed\|date=March 2008}} this phenomenon created a new standard of performance that must be matched: an investment manager should not only avoid losing money for the client and should make a certain amount of money, but in fact should make more money than the passive strategy of investing in everything equally (since this strategy appeared to be statistically more likely to be successful than the strategy of any one investment manager). The name for the additional return above the [[expected return]] of the beta adjusted return of the market is called "Alpha".

			==Relation to beta==
			{{main\|Beta (finance)}}
			Besides an investment manager simply making more money than a passive strategy, there is another issue:
			although the strategy of investing in every stock appeared to perform better than 75 percent of investment managers (see [[index fund]]), the price of the stock market as a whole [[conjuncture\|fluctuates]] up and down, and could be on a downward decline for many years before returning to its previous price.

			The passive strategy appeared to generate the market-beating return over periods of 10 years or more. This strategy may be risky for those who feel they might need to withdraw their money before a 10-year holding period, for example. Thus investment managers who employ a strategy which is less likely to lose money in a particular year are often chosen by those investors who feel that they might need to withdraw their money sooner.

			Investors can use both alpha and beta to judge a manager's performance. If the manager has had a high alpha, but also a high beta, investors might not find that acceptable, because of the chance they might have to withdraw their money when the investment is doing poorly.

			These concepts not only apply to investment managers, but to any kind of investment.

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			==Further reading==
			* Bruce J. Feibel. ''Investment Performance Measurement''. New York: Wiley, 2003. ISBN 0-471-26849-6

			==External links==
			* [http://www.businessvaluation.us International Association of CPAs, Attorneys, and Management (IACAM) (Free Business Valuation E-Book Guidebook)]
			* [http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Alpha The financial-dictionary entry on alpha]
			* [http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/alpha.asp Investopedia Alpha Definition]
			* [http://www.forexbasecamp.com/advanced-forex-concepts/five-technical-risk-ratios-in-forex-trading Five Technical Risk Ratios]
			* [http://www.macroaxis.com/invest/alphaSearch/GOOG Alpha analysis for global equities] Free alpha look-up
			* [http://www.tradersmagazine.com/issues/26_353/hedge-fund-lake-hill-creates-value-trading-index-options-111339-1.html Traders Magazine] Seeking Alpha - New York hedge fund creates value trading index options

			{{stock market}}

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Alpha (Investment)}}
			[[Category:Investment]]
			[[Category:Mathematical finance]]
			[[Category:Finance theories]]
			[[Category:Financial ratios]]

en>Life of Riley: Removed "It should be noted that" in accordance with WP:NOTED.

2012-07-28T00:39:46Z

Removed "It should be noted that" in accordance with WP:NOTED.

New page

Greetings. The writer's name is Phebe and she feels comfortable when individuals use the full name. North Dakota is our birth location. One of the very best things in the world for him is to gather badges but he is having difficulties to find time for it. Supervising is my occupation.<br><br>Here is my web-site; [http://Www.Myprgenie.com/view-publication/how-to-be-successful-with-your-weight-loss-goals weight loss food delivery]