Constant function - Revision history

en>BG19bot: WP:CHECKWIKI error fix for #61. Punctuation goes before References. Do general fixes if a problem exists. - using AWB (10480)

2014-11-12T06:21:11Z

WP:CHECKWIKI error fix for #61. Punctuation goes before References. Do general fixes if a problem exists. - using AWB (10480)

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:21, 12 November 2014
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	<li>[http://bbs.massyw.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=34204&do=blog&quickforward=1&id=344443 http://bbs.massyw.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=34204&do=blog&quickforward=1&id=344443]</li>		<li>[http://bbs.massyw.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=34204&do=blog&quickforward=1&id=344443 http://bbs.massyw.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=34204&do=blog&quickforward=1&id=344443]</li>

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en>PC-XT: rm {{en}}; formatting: HTML entity, heading-style, unicode-escape, whitespace (using Advisor.js)

2014-02-21T10:17:33Z

rm {{en}}; formatting: HTML entity, heading-style, unicode-escape, whitespace (using Advisor.js)

Show changes

en>David Eppstein: /* Generalization */ remove new, unsourced, and unhelpful section

2014-01-14T02:20:25Z

Generalization: remove new, unsourced, and unhelpful section

New page

[[File:Twinlead.gif|thumb|right|150px|300 ohm Twin-lead]]
{{Antennas|Components of Antenna Systems}}

'''Twin-lead''' cable is a [[Electrical conductor|two-conductor]] flat cable used as a [[transmission line]] to carry [[radio frequency]] (RF) signals. It is constructed of two multistranded [[copper]] or copperclad steel wires, held a precise distance apart by a plastic (usually [[polyethylene]]) ribbon. The uniform spacing of the wires is the key to the cable's function as a parallel transmission line; any abrupt changes in spacing would reflect [[radio frequency]] power back toward the source. The plastic also covers and insulates the wires. In 300 ohm twin-lead, the most common type, the wire is usually 20 or 22 [[Wire gauge|gauge]], about 7.5 mm (0.30 inches) apart.<ref name="ARRL2">{{cite book
| last = Straw
| first = R. Dean, Ed.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The ARRL Antenna Book, 19th Ed.
| publisher = American Radio Relay League
| year = 2000
| location = USA
| pages = 24.16-17
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-87259-817-9}}</ref>

==Characteristics and uses==
Twin lead and other types of parallel-conductor transmission line are mainly used to connect [[radio transmitter]]s and [[radio receiver|receivers]] to their [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]]s. Parallel transmission line has the advantage that its losses are an order of magnitude smaller than [[coaxial cable]], the main alternative form of transmission line. Its disadvantages are that it is more vulnerable to [[Radio frequency interference|interference]], and must be kept away from metal objects which can cause power losses. For this reason, when installed along the outside of buildings and on antenna masts, standoff insulators must be used.

Twin-lead is supplied in several different sizes, with values of 600, 450, 300, and 75 [[Ohm (unit)|ohms]] [[cable impedance|characteristic impedance]]. The most common, 300 ohm twin-lead, was once widely used to connect [[television]] sets and [[FM radio]]s to their receiving [[antenna (electronics)|antennas]]. 300 ohm twin-lead for television installations has been largely replaced with 75 ohm [[coaxial cable]] feedlines. Twin-lead is also used in [[amateur radio]] stations as a [[transmission line]] for [[balanced line|balanced]] transmission of [[radio frequency]] signals.

==How it works==
[[File:Tvbalun.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A 300-to-75-ohm balun, showing twin-lead on the right hand side]]

Twin lead is a form of parallel-wire [[Balanced line|balanced transmission line]]. The separation between the two wires in twin-lead is small compared to the [[wavelength]] of the [[radio frequency]] (RF) signal carried on the wire.<ref name="ARRL">{{cite book
| last = Straw
| first = R. Dean, Ed.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The ARRL Antenna Book, 19th Ed.
| publisher = American Radio Relay League
| year = 2000
| location = USA
| pages = 24.1
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-87259-817-9}}</ref> The RF [[Electric current|current]] in one wire is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the RF current in the other wire. Therefore in the [[far field]] region far from the transmission line, the [[radio wave]]s radiated by one wire are equal in magnitude but opposite in phase (180° [[out of phase]]) to the waves radiated by the other wire, so they [[Superposition principle|superpose]] and cancel each other.<ref name="ARRL" /> The result is that almost no net radio energy is radiated by the line.

Similarly, any interfering external radio waves will induce equal, [[in phase]] RF currents, traveling in the same direction, in the two wires. Since the load at the destination end is connected ''across'' the wires, only ''differential'', oppositely-directed currents in the wires create a current in the load. Thus the interfering currents are canceled out, so twin lead does not tend to pick up radio noise.

However, if a piece of metal is located sufficiently close to a twin-lead line, within a distance comparable to the wire spacing, it will be significantly closer to one wire than the other. As a result the RF current induced in the metal object by one wire will be greater than the opposing current induced by the other wire, so the currents will no longer cancel. Thus nearby metal objects can cause power losses in twin lead lines, through energy dissipated as heat by induced currents. Similarly, radio noise originating in cables or metal objects located near the twin-lead line can induce unbalanced currents in the wires, coupling noise into the line.

==Ladder line==
[[File:Ladder line.jpg|thumb|right|150px|450 Ohm "Ladder line"]]
Ladder line or "window line" is a variation of twin lead which is constructed similarly except that the polyethylene webbing between the wires which holds them apart has rectangular openings ("windows") cut in it.<ref name="ARRL2" /><ref "name="QST2">{{cite journal|last=Ford|first=Steve|date=December 1993|title=The Lure Of Ladder Line|journal=QST|publisher=ARRL|url=http://www.w6ier.org/images/The%20Lure%20of%20Ladder%20Line.pdf|accessdate=September 16, 2011}}</ref> So the line consists of two insulated wires with bands of plastic holding them together every few inches, giving it the appearance of a [[ladder]]. The advantage of the windows is that they lighten the line, and also reduce the amount of surface on which dirt and moisture can accumulate, making ladder line less vulnerable to weather-induced changes in characteristic impedance.<ref name="ARRL2" /> The most common type is 450 ohm ladder line, which has a conductor spacing of about an inch.<ref name="ARRL2" />
[[File:LadderlineW3NP.JPG|thumb|left|150px|600 ohm "Ladder line" on the outside of a building.]]
Ladder line may also be manufactured or [[DIY]]-constructed as "open wire line" consisting of two parallel wires featuring widely spaced plastic or ceramic insulating bars and having a characteristic impedance of 600 ohms or more.<ref name="qst">{{cite journal|last=Danzer|first=Paul |date=April 2004|title=Open Wire Feed Line— A Second Look |journal=QST|publisher=ARRL|url=http://www.cqham.ru/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=35851&d=1244391020|accessdate=September 16, 2011}}</ref>

==Impedance matching==
{{main|Impedance matching}}
As a transmission line, transmission efficiency will be maximum when the [[Electrical impedance|impedance]] of the antenna, the characteristic impedance of the twin-lead line and the impedance of the equipment are the same. For this reason, when attaching a twin-lead line to a coaxial cable connection, such as the 300 ohm twin-lead from a domestic television antenna to the television's 75 ohm coax antenna input, a [[balun]] with a 4:1 ratio is commonly used. Its purpose is double: first, it transforms twin-lead's 300 ohm impedance to match the 75 ohm coaxial cable impedance; and second, it transforms the balanced, symmetric transmission line to the unbalanced coax input. In general, when used as a feedline, twin-lead (especially ladder line versions) has a higher efficiency than coaxial cable when there is an impedance mismatch between the feedline and the source (or sink). For receive-only use this merely implies that the system can communicate under slightly less optimal conditions; for transmit use, this can often result in significantly less energy lost as heat in the transmission line.

Twin-lead also can serve as a convenient material with which to build a simple [[Dipole antenna#Folded dipole|folded dipole]] antenna. Such antennas may be fed either by using a 300 ohm twin-lead feeder or by using a 300-to-75-ohm balun and using coaxial feedline and will usually handle moderate power loads without overheating.

==Characteristic impedance==

The characteristic impedance of a parallel-wire transmission line like twin lead or ladder line depends on its dimensions; the diameter of the wires ''d'' and their separation ''D''. This is derived below.

The characteristic impedance of any transmission line is given by

<math>Z = \sqrt{{R + j \omega L} \over {G + j \omega C}}</math>

where for twin-lead line the [[primary line constants]] are

<math>R = 2 {R_s \over \pi d}</math>

<math>L = {\mu \over \pi} \, \operatorname{arccosh}\left({D \over d}\right)</math>

<math>G = {\pi \sigma \over \operatorname{arccosh}({D \over d})}</math>

<math>C = {\pi \epsilon \over \operatorname{arccosh}({D \over d})}</math>

where the surface resistance of the wires is

<math>R_s = \sqrt{\pi f \mu_c / \sigma_c}</math>

and where ''d'' is the wire diameter and ''D'' is the separation of the wires measured between their centrelines.

Neglecting the wire resistance ''R'' and the leakage conductance ''G'', this gives
:<math>Z = \frac{Z_0}{\pi \sqrt{\epsilon_r}} \, \operatorname{arccosh}\left(\frac{D}{d}\right)</math><ref>Balanced Transmission Line in Current Amateur Practice, ARRL Antenna Compendium, Volume 6. Wes Stewart, N7WS.</ref>

where ''Z''<sub>0</sub> is the [[impedance of free space]] (approximately 377 Ω), ''ε<sub>r</sub>'' is the effective [[relative permittivity|dielectric constant]] (which for air is 1.00054). If the separation ''D'' is much greater than the wire diameter ''d'' then this is approximately
:<math>Z \approx 276 \log_{10}\left(2\frac{D}{d}\right)</math><ref>ARRL Handbook for Amateur Radio 2000, Pg 19.3.</ref>

The separation needed to achieve a given characteristic impedance is therefore
:<math>D = d \cosh \left(\pi\frac{Z\sqrt{\epsilon_r}}{Z_0}\right)</math>

== Antennas ==
Twin-lead can be connected directly to a suitably designed antenna:

* a [[Dipole antenna|dipole]] (whose impedance at resonance is approximately 73 ohms in [[free space]]),
* a [[Dipole antenna#Folded dipole|folded dipole]] (a better match, since its characteristic impedance in free space is around 300 ohms),
* a [[Yagi antenna]] or similar [[balanced antenna]].

==References==
{{commons category|Twin-lead cables}}
{{reflist}}

{{RF connectors}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Twin-Lead}}
[[Category:Signal cables]]
[[Category:Antennas (radio)]]