Ant colony optimization algorithms - Revision history

en>Yobot: WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes using AWB (10524)

2014-12-15T09:06:53Z

WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes using AWB (10524)

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:06, 15 December 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~{{about\|the temperature-sensitive mechanical device\|metals composed of a mixture of two or more chemical elements\|alloy}}~~		Roberto is what's written over his [http://www.guardian.co.uk/search?q=birth+certificate birth certificate] but nonetheless , he never really treasured that name. South Carolina is the size of his birth place. The best-loved hobby for him and moreover his kids is up to fish and he's resulted in being doing it for a while. Auditing is how he supports his own family. Go at his website to come across out more: http://[http://Www.Adobe.com/cfusion/search/index.cfm?term=&prometeu.net&loc=en_us&siteSection=home prometeu.net]<br><br>my blog post clash of clans cheats ([http://prometeu.net click through the next document])
	~~{{Refimprove\|date=February 2012}}~~
	~~[[File:Bimetallic stripe.svg\|thumb\|300px\|Diagram of a bimetallic strip showing how the difference in thermal expansion in the two metals leads to a much larger sideways displacement of the strip]]~~
	~~[[File:Bimetal coil reacts to lighter.gif\|frame\|right\|A bimetallic coil from a thermometer reacts to the heat from a lighter, by uncoiling and then coiling back up when the lighter~~ is ~~removed.]]~~
	A '''bimetallic strip''' is used to convert a temperature change into mechanical displacement. The strip consists of two strips of different metals which expand at different rates as they are heated, usually [[steel]] and [[copper]], or in some cases steel and [[brass]]. The strips are joined together throughout their length by [[rivet]]ing, [[brazing]] or [[welding]]. The different expansions force the flat strip to bend one way if heated, and in the opposite direction if cooled below its initial temperature. The metal with the higher [[coefficient of thermal expansion]] is on the outer side of the curve when the strip is heated and on the inner side when cooled

	The sideways displacement of the strip is much larger than the small lengthways expansion in either of the two metals. This effect is used in a range of mechanical and electrical devices. In some applications the bimetal strip is used in the flat form. In others, it is wrapped into a coil for compactness. The greater length of the coiled version gives improved sensitivity.

	~~==History==~~
	~~[[File:John Harrison memorial 02.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|John Harrison~~'s ~~Memorial in Westminster Abbey, London]]~~

	~~The earliest surviving bimetallic strip was made by the eighteenth-century clockmaker [[John Harrison]] who is generally credited with its invention. He made it for~~ his ~~third~~ [[marine chronometer]] (H3) of 1759 to compensate for temperature-induced changes in the [[balance spring]].<ref>{{cite book \|last= Sobel \|first= Dava \| authorlink= Dava Sobel \|title= [[Longitude (book)\|Longitude]] \|year= 1995 \|publisher= Fourth Estate \|location= London \|isbn= 0-00-721446-4 \| pages= 103 \| quote= One of the inventions Harrison introduced in H-3... ~~is called... a bi-metallic strip.}}<~~/~~ref> It should not be confused with his bimetallic mechanism for correcting for thermal expansion in the [[gridiron pendulum]~~]~~. His earliest examples had two individual metal strips joined by rivets~~ but he ~~also invented~~ the ~~later technique~~ of ~~directly fusing molten brass onto a steel substrate. A strip of this type was fitted to~~ his ~~last timekeeper, H5~~. ~~Harrison's invention is recognized in the memorial to~~ him ~~in [[Westminster Abbey]], England.~~

	~~==Applications==~~

	~~===Clocks===~~
	~~Mechanical [[clock]] mechanisms are sensitive to temperature changes which lead to errors in time keeping. A bimetallic strip~~ is ~~used~~ to compensate for this in some mechanisms. The most common method is to use a bimetallic construction for the circular rim of the [[balance wheel]]. As the spring controlling the balance becomes weaker with increasing temperature, so the balance becomes smaller in diameter to keep the period of oscillation (and hence timekeeping) constant.

	~~===Thermostats===~~
	~~{{see also\|Tipping point (physics)#Set-point thermostats\|label 1=Tipping points~~ and '~~popping disc' bimetal thermostats}}~~
	~~In the regulation of heating and cooling, [[thermostat]]~~s that operate over a wide range of temperatures are used. In these, one end of the bimetal strip is mechanically fixed and attached to an electrical power source, while the other (moving) end carries an electrical contact. In adjustable thermostats another contact is positioned with a regulating knob or lever. The position so set controls the regulated temperature, called the '''set point'''.
	~~[[File:WPThermostat.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|[[Thermostat]] with bimetal coil at (2)]]~~
	~~Some thermostats use a [[mercury switch]] connected to both electrical leads. The angle of the entire mechanism is adjustable to control the set point of the thermostat.~~

	~~Depending upon the application, a higher temperature may open a contact (as~~ in ~~a [[heater]] control) or~~ it ~~may close a contact (as in a [[refrigerator]] or [[air conditioner]]).~~

	The electrical contacts may control the power directly (as in a household iron) or indirectly, switching electrical power through a [[relay]] or the supply of [[natural gas]] or [[fuel oil]] through an electrically operated valve. In some natural gas heaters the power may be provided with a [[thermocouple]] that is heated by a pilot light (a small, continuously burning, flame). In devices without pilot lights for ignition (as in most modern gas clothes dryers and some natural gas heaters and decorative fireplaces) the power for ~~the contacts is provided by reduced household electrical power that operates~~ a ~~relay controlling an electronic ignitor, either a resistance heater or an electrically powered [[spark gap\|spark]] generating device.~~

	~~===Thermometers===~~
	A direct indicating dial [[thermometer]] (such as a patio thermometer or a meat thermometer) uses a bimetallic strip wrapped into a coil. One end of the coil is fixed to the housing of the device and the other drives an indicating needle. ~~A bimetallic strip~~ is ~~also used in a [[recording thermometer]]. [[Breguet's thermometer]] consists of a tri-metallic helix.~~

	~~===Heat engines===~~
	~~Simple toys have been built which demonstrate~~ how ~~the principle can be used to drive a [[heat engine]]~~. ~~{{citation needed\|date=September 2011}}~~

	~~===Electrical devices===~~
	~~Bimetal strips are used in miniature [[circuit breaker]]s~~ to protect circuits from excess current. A coil of wire is used to heat a bimetal strip, which bends and operates a linkage that unlatches a spring-operated contact. This interrupts the circuit and can be reset when the bimetal strip has cooled down.

	Bimetal strips are also used in time-delay relays, lamp flashers, and [[Fluorescent lamp#Starting\|fluorescent lamp starters]]. In some devices the current running directly through the bimetal strip is sufficient to heat it and operate contacts directly.

	~~==Calculations==~~
	~~[[Curvature]] of a Bimetallic Beam~~:

	:~~<math>\kappa = \frac{6 E_1 E_2 (h_1 + h_2)h_1 h_2 \epsilon }{E_1^2 h_1^4 + 4 E_1 E_2 h_1^3 h_2 + 6 E_1 E_2 h_1^2 h_2^2 + 4 E_1 E_2 h_2^3 h_1 + E_2^2 h_2^4}<~~/~~math>~~

	~~Where <math>E_1<~~/~~math> and <math>h_1</math> are the~~ [~~[Young's Modulus]] and height of Material One and <math>E_2<~~/~~math> and <math>h_2<~~/~~math> are the Young's Modulus and height of Material Two~~. ~~<math>\epsilon</math> is the misfit strain, calculated by:~~

	~~:<math>\epsilon = (\alpha_1-\alpha_2) \Delta T \,<~~/~~math>~~

	~~Where α<sub>1<~~/~~sub> is the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Material One and α<sub>2<~~/~~sub> is the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Material Two~~. ~~ΔT is the current temperature minus the reference temperature (the temperature where the beam has no flexure)~~.~~<ref>Clyne, TW~~. ~~“Residual stresses in surface coatings and their effects on interfacial debonding.” Key Engineering Materials (Switzerland). Vol. 116-117, pp. 307-330. 1996~~<~~/ref~~><~~ref~~>~~Timoshenko, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 11, 233~~ (~~1925)</ref>~~

	~~==See also==~~

	* [[Nitinol]] - a shape-memory alloy

	~~==External links==~~
	*[http://~~www~~.~~youtube.com/watch?v=-a0u4Lw1YEY&feature=fvst Video of a circular bimetalic wire powering a small motor with iced water]. Accessed February 2011.~~

	~~==Notes==~~
	~~<references />~~

	~~[[Category:Engineering thermodynamics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Mechanical engineering]]~~
	~~[[Category:Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning]]~~
	~~[[Category:Energy conversion]]~~
	~~[[Category:Thermometers]]~~

	~~[[cs:Bimetal]]~~
	~~[[da:Bimetal]]~~
	~~[[de:Bimetall]]~~
	~~[[fr:Bilame]]~~
	~~[[ko:바이메탈]]~~
	~~[[nl:Bimetaal]]~~
	~~[[ja:バイメタル]]~~
	~~[[sr:Биметал]]~~
	~~[[sv:Bimetall]~~]

en>BryanD: Undid revision 593385172 by 182.19.58.148 (talk)

2014-02-02T18:49:08Z

Undid revision 593385172 by 182.19.58.148 (talk)

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:49, 2 February 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Hello~~. ~~Allow me introduce~~ the ~~writer~~. ~~Her name~~ is ~~Emilia Shroyer but~~ it's not the most ~~feminine title out there~~. ~~Her family members lives~~ in ~~Minnesota~~. ~~What I love doing~~ is to ~~gather badges but I~~'ve been ~~using~~ on ~~new issues recently~~. ~~Bookkeeping is my occupation~~.<br><br>~~My web page; healthy food delivery~~ ([http://~~Tinyurl~~.com/~~k7cuceb just click the up coming document~~])		{{about\|the temperature-sensitive mechanical device\|metals composed of a mixture of two or more chemical elements\|alloy}}
			{{Refimprove\|date=February 2012}}
			[[File:Bimetallic stripe.svg\|thumb\|300px\|Diagram of a bimetallic strip showing how the difference in thermal expansion in the two metals leads to a much larger sideways displacement of the strip]]
			[[File:Bimetal coil reacts to lighter.gif\|frame\|right\|A bimetallic coil from a thermometer reacts to the heat from a lighter, by uncoiling and then coiling back up when the lighter is removed.]]
			A '''bimetallic strip''' is used to convert a temperature change into mechanical displacement. The strip consists of two strips of different metals which expand at different rates as they are heated, usually [[steel]] and [[copper]], or in some cases steel and [[brass]]. The strips are joined together throughout their length by [[rivet]]ing, [[brazing]] or [[welding]]. The different expansions force the flat strip to bend one way if heated, and in the opposite direction if cooled below its initial temperature. The metal with the higher [[coefficient of thermal expansion]] is on the outer side of the curve when the strip is heated and on the inner side when cooled

			The sideways displacement of the strip is much larger than the small lengthways expansion in either of the two metals. This effect is used in a range of mechanical and electrical devices. In some applications the bimetal strip is used in the flat form. In others, it is wrapped into a coil for compactness. The greater length of the coiled version gives improved sensitivity.

			==History==
			[[File:John Harrison memorial 02.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|John Harrison's Memorial in Westminster Abbey, London]]

			The earliest surviving bimetallic strip was made by the eighteenth-century clockmaker [[John Harrison]] who is generally credited with its invention. He made it for his third [[marine chronometer]] (H3) of 1759 to compensate for temperature-induced changes in the [[balance spring]].<ref>{{cite book \|last= Sobel \|first= Dava \| authorlink= Dava Sobel \|title= [[Longitude (book)\|Longitude]] \|year= 1995 \|publisher= Fourth Estate \|location= London \|isbn= 0-00-721446-4 \| pages= 103 \| quote= One of the inventions Harrison introduced in H-3... is called... a bi-metallic strip.}}</ref> It should not be confused with his bimetallic mechanism for correcting for thermal expansion in the [[gridiron pendulum]]. His earliest examples had two individual metal strips joined by rivets but he also invented the later technique of directly fusing molten brass onto a steel substrate. A strip of this type was fitted to his last timekeeper, H5. Harrison's invention is recognized in the memorial to him in [[Westminster Abbey]], England.

			==Applications==

			===Clocks===
			Mechanical [[clock]] mechanisms are sensitive to temperature changes which lead to errors in time keeping. A bimetallic strip is used to compensate for this in some mechanisms. The most common method is to use a bimetallic construction for the circular rim of the [[balance wheel]]. As the spring controlling the balance becomes weaker with increasing temperature, so the balance becomes smaller in diameter to keep the period of oscillation (and hence timekeeping) constant.

			===Thermostats===
			{{see also\|Tipping point (physics)#Set-point thermostats\|label 1=Tipping points and 'popping disc' bimetal thermostats}}
			In the regulation of heating and cooling, [[thermostat]]s that operate over a wide range of temperatures are used. In these, one end of the bimetal strip is mechanically fixed and attached to an electrical power source, while the other (moving) end carries an electrical contact. In adjustable thermostats another contact is positioned with a regulating knob or lever. The position so set controls the regulated temperature, called the '''set point'''.
			[[File:WPThermostat.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|[[Thermostat]] with bimetal coil at (2)]]
			Some thermostats use a [[mercury switch]] connected to both electrical leads. The angle of the entire mechanism is adjustable to control the set point of the thermostat.

			Depending upon the application, a higher temperature may open a contact (as in a [[heater]] control) or it may close a contact (as in a [[refrigerator]] or [[air conditioner]]).

			The electrical contacts may control the power directly (as in a household iron) or indirectly, switching electrical power through a [[relay]] or the supply of [[natural gas]] or [[fuel oil]] through an electrically operated valve. In some natural gas heaters the power may be provided with a [[thermocouple]] that is heated by a pilot light (a small, continuously burning, flame). In devices without pilot lights for ignition (as in most modern gas clothes dryers and some natural gas heaters and decorative fireplaces) the power for the contacts is provided by reduced household electrical power that operates a relay controlling an electronic ignitor, either a resistance heater or an electrically powered [[spark gap\|spark]] generating device.

			===Thermometers===
			A direct indicating dial [[thermometer]] (such as a patio thermometer or a meat thermometer) uses a bimetallic strip wrapped into a coil. One end of the coil is fixed to the housing of the device and the other drives an indicating needle. A bimetallic strip is also used in a [[recording thermometer]]. [[Breguet's thermometer]] consists of a tri-metallic helix.

			===Heat engines===
			Simple toys have been built which demonstrate how the principle can be used to drive a [[heat engine]]. {{citation needed\|date=September 2011}}

			===Electrical devices===
			Bimetal strips are used in miniature [[circuit breaker]]s to protect circuits from excess current. A coil of wire is used to heat a bimetal strip, which bends and operates a linkage that unlatches a spring-operated contact. This interrupts the circuit and can be reset when the bimetal strip has cooled down.

			Bimetal strips are also used in time-delay relays, lamp flashers, and [[Fluorescent lamp#Starting\|fluorescent lamp starters]]. In some devices the current running directly through the bimetal strip is sufficient to heat it and operate contacts directly.

			==Calculations==
			[[Curvature]] of a Bimetallic Beam:

			:<math>\kappa = \frac{6 E_1 E_2 (h_1 + h_2)h_1 h_2 \epsilon }{E_1^2 h_1^4 + 4 E_1 E_2 h_1^3 h_2 + 6 E_1 E_2 h_1^2 h_2^2 + 4 E_1 E_2 h_2^3 h_1 + E_2^2 h_2^4}</math>

			Where <math>E_1</math> and <math>h_1</math> are the [[Young's Modulus]] and height of Material One and <math>E_2</math> and <math>h_2</math> are the Young's Modulus and height of Material Two. <math>\epsilon</math> is the misfit strain, calculated by:

			:<math>\epsilon = (\alpha_1-\alpha_2) \Delta T \,</math>

			Where α<sub>1</sub> is the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Material One and α<sub>2</sub> is the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Material Two. ΔT is the current temperature minus the reference temperature (the temperature where the beam has no flexure).<ref>Clyne, TW. “Residual stresses in surface coatings and their effects on interfacial debonding.” Key Engineering Materials (Switzerland). Vol. 116-117, pp. 307-330. 1996</ref><ref>Timoshenko, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 11, 233 (1925)</ref>

			==See also==

			* [[Nitinol]] - a shape-memory alloy

			==External links==
			*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-a0u4Lw1YEY&feature=fvst Video of a circular bimetalic wire powering a small motor with iced water]. Accessed February 2011.

			==Notes==
			<references />

			[[Category:Engineering thermodynamics]]
			[[Category:Mechanical engineering]]
			[[Category:Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning]]
			[[Category:Energy conversion]]
			[[Category:Thermometers]]

			[[cs:Bimetal]]
			[[da:Bimetal]]
			[[de:Bimetall]]
			[[fr:Bilame]]
			[[ko:바이메탈]]
			[[nl:Bimetaal]]
			[[ja:バイメタル]]
			[[sr:Биметал]]
			[[sv:Bimetall]]

en>InverseHypercube: /* External links */ rm Python (see talk page)

2012-08-06T03:28:13Z

External links: rm Python (see talk page)

New page

Hello. Allow me introduce the writer. Her name is Emilia Shroyer but it's not the most feminine title out there. Her family members lives in Minnesota. What I love doing is to gather badges but I've been using on new issues recently. Bookkeeping is my occupation.<br><br>My web page; healthy food delivery ([http://Tinyurl.com/k7cuceb just click the up coming document])