Algebraic interior - Revision history

en>Wavelength: inserting 1 hyphen—wikt:finite-dimensional

2014-03-12T02:38:49Z

inserting 1 hyphen—wikt:finite-dimensional

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:38, 12 March 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~{{refimprove\|date=August 2010}}~~		Hello from Denmark. I'm glad to came across you. My first name is Randi. <br>I live in a town called Frederiksberg C in western Denmark.<br>I was also born in Frederiksberg C 30 years ago. Married in February year 2008. I'm working at the the office.<br><br>Feel free to visit my weblog: [http://tinyurl.com/nrfwlnd http://tinyurl.com/nrfwlnd]
	~~In [[audio engineering]], '''joint''' refers to a joining of several channels of similar information in order to obtain higher quality, a smaller file size, or both~~.

	~~==Joint stereo==~~
	~~The term '''joint stereo~~'~~'' has become prominent as the [[Internet]] has allowed for the transfer of relatively low [[bit rate]], acceptable-quality audio with modest Internet access speeds. Joint stereo refers~~ to ~~any number of encoding techniques used for this purpose~~. ~~Two forms are described here, both of which are implemented in various ways with different [[codec]]s, such as [[MP3]], [[Advanced Audio Coding\|AAC]] and [[Ogg Vorbis]].~~

	~~===Intensity stereo coding===~~
	~~This form of joint stereo uses a technique known as '''joint frequency encoding''', which functions on the principle of [[sound localization]]. Human hearing~~ is ~~predominantly less acute at perceiving the direction of certain audio frequencies~~. ~~By exploiting this characteristic, intensity stereo coding can reduce the data rate of an audio stream with little or no perceived change~~ in ~~apparent quality.~~

	More specifically, the dominance of ''inter-aural time differences (ITD)'' for sound localization by humans is only present for lower frequencies. That leaves ''inter-aural amplitude differences (IAD)'' as the dominant location indicator for higher frequencies. The idea of ''intensity stereo coding'' is to merge the lower spectrum into just one channel (thus reducing overall differences between channels) and to transmit a ~~little side information about how to [[Panning (audio)\|pan]] certain frequency regions to recover the ''IAD'' cues.~~

	~~This type of coding does not perfectly reconstruct the original audio because of the loss of information which results~~ in ~~the simplification of the stereo image and can produce perceptible [[compression artifacts]]~~. However, for very low bit rates this type of coding usually yields a gain in perceived quality of the audio. It is supported by many audio compression formats (including [[MP3]], [[Advanced Audio Coding\|AAC]] and [[Vorbis]]) but not always by every [[encoder]].

	~~===M/S stereo coding===~~
	~~'''M/S stereo coding''' transforms the left and right channels into a mid channel and a side channel. The mid channel is the sum of the left and right channels, or~~ <~~math>L+R</math~~>. The side channel is the difference of the left and right channels, or <math>L-R</math>. Unlike intensity stereo coding, M/S coding is a special case of [[transform coding]], and retains the audio perfectly without introducing artifacts. ~~[[Lossless data compression\|Lossless codecs]] such as [[FLAC]] or [[Monkey~~'~~s Audio]] use M/S stereo coding because of this characteristic.~~

	~~To reconstruct~~ the ~~original signal,~~ the ~~channels are either added <math>(L + R) + (L - R) = 2L</math> or subtracted <math>(L + R) - (L - R) = 2R</math>~~.

	This form of coding is also sometimes known as matrix stereo and is used in many different forms of audio processing and recording equipment. It is not limited to digital systems and can even be created with passive audio [[transformer]]s or analog [[amplifier]]s. One example of the use of M/S stereo is in [[FM broadcasting\|FM]] stereo broadcasting, where <math>L+R</math> [[modulation\|modulates]] the [[carrier wave]] and <~~math~~>~~L-R~~<~~/math~~> modulates a [[subcarrier]]. Another example of M/S stereo is the [[Gramophone_record#Stereophonic_sound\|stereophonic microgroove record]]. Lateral motions of a stylus represent the sum of two channels and the vertical motion represents the difference between the channels.

	~~==Joint frequency encoding==~~
	~~'''Joint frequency encoding''' is an [[encoder\|encoding]] technique used in [[audio data compression]]~~ to ~~reduce the [~~[~~Bit rate\|data rate]].~~

	The idea is to merge a given frequency range of multiple sound channels together so that the resulting encoding will preserve the sound information of that range not as a bundle of separate channels but as one homogeneous data stream. This will destroy the original channel separation permanently, as the information cannot be accurately reconstructed, but will greatly lessen the amount of required storage space. Only some forms of joint stereo use the joint frequency encoding technique, such as intensity stereo coding.

	~~==Implementations==~~
	When used within the MP3 compression process, joint stereo normally employs multiple techniques, and can switch between them for each MPEG frame. Typically, a modern encoder's joint stereo mode uses M/S stereo for some frames and L/R stereo for others, whichever method yields the best result. Encoders use different algorithms to determine when to switch and how much space to allocate to each channel; quality can suffer if the switching is too frequent or if the side channel doesn't get enough bits. With some encoding software, it is possible to force the use of M/S stereo for all frames, mimicking the joint stereo mode of some early encoders like [[Xing Technology\|Xing]]. Within the [[LAME]] encoder, this is known as forced joint stereo.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://~~lame~~.~~cvs.sourceforge.net~~/viewvc/lame/lame/doc/html/detailed.html \|title=Detailed command line switches \|work=LAME documentation \|accessdate=2013-12-13 \|quote=JOINT STEREO [...] means the encoder can use (on a frame by frame basis) either L/R stereo or mid/side stereo. In mid/side stereo, [...] more bits are allocated to the mid channel than the side channel. When there isn't too much stereo separation, this effectively increases the bandwidth, so having higher quality with the same amount of bits. Using mid/side stereo inappropriately can result in audible compression artifacts. Too much switching between mid/side and regular stereo can also sound bad. To determine when to switch to mid/side stereo, LAME uses a much more sophisticated algorithm than the one described in the ISO documentation. FORCED MID/SIDE STEREO forces all frames to be encoded with mid/side stereo. It should only be used if you are sure every frame of the input file has very little stereo separation.}}</ref>

	As with MP3, [[Ogg Vorbis]] stereo files can employ either L/R stereo or joint stereo. When using joint stereo, both M/S stereo and intensity stereo methods may be used. As opposed to MP3 where M/S stereo (when used) is applied before quantization, an Ogg Vorbis encoder applies M/S stereo to samples in the frequency domain after quantization, making application of M/S stereo a lossless step. After this step, any frequency area can be converted to intensity stereo by removing the corresponding part of the M/S signal's side channel. Ogg Vorbis' floor function will take care of the required left-right panning.

	~~==External links==~~
	*Jürgen Herre, Fraunhofer IIS. [http://~~dafx04~~.~~na.infn.it~~/~~WebProc/Proc/P_157.pdf ''From Joint Stereo to Spatial Audio Coding - Recent Progress and Standardization''.] October 2004, Paper 157, DAFx'04 7th International Conference of Digital Audio Effects.~~

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~[[Category:Audio engineering]~~]

en>David Eppstein: /* Relation to interior */ Supply requested citation

2014-01-14T05:20:55Z

Relation to interior: Supply requested citation

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:20, 14 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The ~~knives had been selected based on an net search~~ for ~~ceramic knives and ranged in price tag from $40~~ to ~~$200~~. ~~If you loved this short article~~ and ~~you would like to obtain additional facts regarding~~ [~~http://www~~.~~thebestkitchenknivesreviews~~.~~com/best~~-~~cutting-boards-reviews-guide~~-and~~-comparison/ ideal cutting board~~ to ~~retain knives sharp~~] ~~kindly check out our own webpage. Practically nothing could be extra basic or more essential~~ to ~~your cooking than your knives~~. ~~The block itself is made~~ of ~~beautifully smooth stainless steel~~ and ~~finished with sensible plastic knife inserts and worktop protective pads~~. ~~You can really feel the high~~ quality in the ~~knives when you pick them up - weighty yet in great balance~~. ~~These novelty kitchen aprons make excellent gifts~~ and ~~are fantastic for~~ the ~~cheeky chef~~, ~~witty washer-upper~~ or ~~comical cook~~. ~~Created from polyester~~, ~~these aprons are both wipe~~-~~clean~~ and ~~machine washable~~. ~~Dog owners~~ use ~~them for many purposes!~~<br><br><br><br>~~That~~ is ~~quite a recommendation,~~ and ~~for any individual who~~ is ~~familiar~~ with ~~other Victorinox products (and~~/~~or Yamaha guitars)~~, ~~it seems really true that~~ the ~~Swiss ability in developing knives~~ is ~~noteworthy~~. ~~I look forward~~ to ~~being able~~ to ~~use~~ the ~~very best knife in town when it arrives, following I have stressed to my husband~~ that as ~~substantially~~ as ~~he may perhaps find out to enjoy it~~, ~~it must remain household. I intend to choose up an Asian-style butcher knife~~ as ~~well~~, ~~following observing its~~ use ~~on tv programs~~.~~<br><br>Chef Anthony Bourdain~~, ~~writing in Kitchen Confidential~~, ~~implores his readers to replace all their kitchen knives with~~ a ~~single Global chef~~'s ~~knife! The first Global knives have been developed in 1985 by Komin Yamada What Kind Of Wood Makes The Finest Cutting Board whose process was~~ to ~~develop a range of knives which was really new~~ and ~~revolutionary~~, ~~harnessing~~ the ~~ideal supplies accessible and~~ the ~~most modern day style concepts~~. ~~Worldwide knives must NOT be put in~~ the [http://~~browse~~.~~deviantart~~.~~com~~/~~?qh~~=~~&section~~=~~&global~~=~~1&q~~=~~dishwasher dishwasher~~]~~.<br><br>The length of~~ the ~~blade is~~ a ~~matter of individual option~~, ~~but you~~ are ~~going~~ to ~~seldom have occasion~~ to ~~use Best Wood For Homemade Cutting Board additional~~ than the ~~tip of your paring knife at any rate~~. ~~Other knives~~ you ~~may well want to look at for your arsenal~~ are the ~~boning knife~~ and the ~~carving knife~~. ~~A great~~, ~~sharp chef~~'s ~~knife~~ will ~~do a passable job on either~~ of ~~these tasks~~, ~~but these specialty knives do come in handy from time to time~~.~~<br><br>Shun has such commitment to~~ [http://~~www~~.~~guardian~~.Co.uk/~~search?q=generating generating] very good knives that they do not have~~ to ~~have to serrate their blades~~. ~~The wooden handles are carved from PakkaWood which is a naturally black hinted wood~~, ~~and all~~ of Shun Elite knives are hand crafted (quite an accolade in this day and age) and come with a lifetime assure! So, if you want to increase your steak consuming expertise, you ought to verify out these Shun Elite Steak knives on Amazon ! This is the knife that serious cooks will not part with.		{{refimprove\|date=August 2010}}
			In [[audio engineering]], '''joint''' refers to a joining of several channels of similar information in order to obtain higher quality, a smaller file size, or both.

			==Joint stereo==
			The term '''joint stereo''' has become prominent as the [[Internet]] has allowed for the transfer of relatively low [[bit rate]], acceptable-quality audio with modest Internet access speeds. Joint stereo refers to any number of encoding techniques used for this purpose. Two forms are described here, both of which are implemented in various ways with different [[codec]]s, such as [[MP3]], [[Advanced Audio Coding\|AAC]] and [[Ogg Vorbis]].

			===Intensity stereo coding===
			This form of joint stereo uses a technique known as '''joint frequency encoding''', which functions on the principle of [[sound localization]]. Human hearing is predominantly less acute at perceiving the direction of certain audio frequencies. By exploiting this characteristic, intensity stereo coding can reduce the data rate of an audio stream with little or no perceived change in apparent quality.

			More specifically, the dominance of ''inter-aural time differences (ITD)'' for sound localization by humans is only present for lower frequencies. That leaves ''inter-aural amplitude differences (IAD)'' as the dominant location indicator for higher frequencies. The idea of ''intensity stereo coding'' is to merge the lower spectrum into just one channel (thus reducing overall differences between channels) and to transmit a little side information about how to [[Panning (audio)\|pan]] certain frequency regions to recover the ''IAD'' cues.

			This type of coding does not perfectly reconstruct the original audio because of the loss of information which results in the simplification of the stereo image and can produce perceptible [[compression artifacts]]. However, for very low bit rates this type of coding usually yields a gain in perceived quality of the audio. It is supported by many audio compression formats (including [[MP3]], [[Advanced Audio Coding\|AAC]] and [[Vorbis]]) but not always by every [[encoder]].

			===M/S stereo coding===
			'''M/S stereo coding''' transforms the left and right channels into a mid channel and a side channel. The mid channel is the sum of the left and right channels, or <math>L+R</math>. The side channel is the difference of the left and right channels, or <math>L-R</math>. Unlike intensity stereo coding, M/S coding is a special case of [[transform coding]], and retains the audio perfectly without introducing artifacts. [[Lossless data compression\|Lossless codecs]] such as [[FLAC]] or [[Monkey's Audio]] use M/S stereo coding because of this characteristic.

			To reconstruct the original signal, the channels are either added <math>(L + R) + (L - R) = 2L</math> or subtracted <math>(L + R) - (L - R) = 2R</math>.

			This form of coding is also sometimes known as matrix stereo and is used in many different forms of audio processing and recording equipment. It is not limited to digital systems and can even be created with passive audio [[transformer]]s or analog [[amplifier]]s. One example of the use of M/S stereo is in [[FM broadcasting\|FM]] stereo broadcasting, where <math>L+R</math> [[modulation\|modulates]] the [[carrier wave]] and <math>L-R</math> modulates a [[subcarrier]]. Another example of M/S stereo is the [[Gramophone_record#Stereophonic_sound\|stereophonic microgroove record]]. Lateral motions of a stylus represent the sum of two channels and the vertical motion represents the difference between the channels.

			==Joint frequency encoding==
			'''Joint frequency encoding''' is an [[encoder\|encoding]] technique used in [[audio data compression]] to reduce the [[Bit rate\|data rate]].

			The idea is to merge a given frequency range of multiple sound channels together so that the resulting encoding will preserve the sound information of that range not as a bundle of separate channels but as one homogeneous data stream. This will destroy the original channel separation permanently, as the information cannot be accurately reconstructed, but will greatly lessen the amount of required storage space. Only some forms of joint stereo use the joint frequency encoding technique, such as intensity stereo coding.

			==Implementations==
			When used within the MP3 compression process, joint stereo normally employs multiple techniques, and can switch between them for each MPEG frame. Typically, a modern encoder's joint stereo mode uses M/S stereo for some frames and L/R stereo for others, whichever method yields the best result. Encoders use different algorithms to determine when to switch and how much space to allocate to each channel; quality can suffer if the switching is too frequent or if the side channel doesn't get enough bits. With some encoding software, it is possible to force the use of M/S stereo for all frames, mimicking the joint stereo mode of some early encoders like [[Xing Technology\|Xing]]. Within the [[LAME]] encoder, this is known as forced joint stereo.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://lame.cvs.sourceforge.net/viewvc/lame/lame/doc/html/detailed.html \|title=Detailed command line switches \|work=LAME documentation \|accessdate=2013-12-13 \|quote=JOINT STEREO [...] means the encoder can use (on a frame by frame basis) either L/R stereo or mid/side stereo. In mid/side stereo, [...] more bits are allocated to the mid channel than the side channel. When there isn't too much stereo separation, this effectively increases the bandwidth, so having higher quality with the same amount of bits. Using mid/side stereo inappropriately can result in audible compression artifacts. Too much switching between mid/side and regular stereo can also sound bad. To determine when to switch to mid/side stereo, LAME uses a much more sophisticated algorithm than the one described in the ISO documentation. FORCED MID/SIDE STEREO forces all frames to be encoded with mid/side stereo. It should only be used if you are sure every frame of the input file has very little stereo separation.}}</ref>

			As with MP3, [[Ogg Vorbis]] stereo files can employ either L/R stereo or joint stereo. When using joint stereo, both M/S stereo and intensity stereo methods may be used. As opposed to MP3 where M/S stereo (when used) is applied before quantization, an Ogg Vorbis encoder applies M/S stereo to samples in the frequency domain after quantization, making application of M/S stereo a lossless step. After this step, any frequency area can be converted to intensity stereo by removing the corresponding part of the M/S signal's side channel. Ogg Vorbis' floor function will take care of the required left-right panning.

			==External links==
			*Jürgen Herre, Fraunhofer IIS. [http://dafx04.na.infn.it/WebProc/Proc/P_157.pdf ''From Joint Stereo to Spatial Audio Coding - Recent Progress and Standardization''.] October 2004, Paper 157, DAFx'04 7th International Conference of Digital Audio Effects.

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			[[Category:Audio engineering]]

en>Helpful Pixie Bot: ISBNs (Build KC)

2012-05-04T02:58:40Z

ISBNs (Build KC)

New page

The knives had been selected based on an net search for ceramic knives and ranged in price tag from $40 to $200. If you loved this short article and you would like to obtain additional facts regarding [http://www.thebestkitchenknivesreviews.com/best-cutting-boards-reviews-guide-and-comparison/ ideal cutting board to retain knives sharp] kindly check out our own webpage. Practically nothing could be extra basic or more essential to your cooking than your knives. The block itself is made of beautifully smooth stainless steel and finished with sensible plastic knife inserts and worktop protective pads. You can really feel the high quality in the knives when you pick them up - weighty yet in great balance. These novelty kitchen aprons make excellent gifts and are fantastic for the cheeky chef, witty washer-upper or comical cook. Created from polyester, these aprons are both wipe-clean and machine washable. Dog owners use them for many purposes! That is quite a recommendation, and for any individual who is familiar with other Victorinox products (and/or Yamaha guitars), it seems really true that the Swiss ability in developing knives is noteworthy. I look forward to being able to use the very best knife in town when it arrives, following I have stressed to my husband that as substantially as he may perhaps find out to enjoy it, it must remain household. I intend to choose up an Asian-style butcher knife as well, following observing its use on tv programs. Chef Anthony Bourdain, writing in Kitchen Confidential, implores his readers to replace all their kitchen knives with a single Global chef's knife! The first Global knives have been developed in 1985 by Komin Yamada What Kind Of Wood Makes The Finest Cutting Board whose process was to develop a range of knives which was really new and revolutionary, harnessing the ideal supplies accessible and the most modern day style concepts. Worldwide knives must NOT be put in the [http://browse.deviantart.com/?qh=&section=&global=1&q=dishwasher dishwasher]. The length of the blade is a matter of individual option, but you are going to seldom have occasion to use Best Wood For Homemade Cutting Board additional than the tip of your paring knife at any rate. Other knives you may well want to look at for your arsenal are the boning knife and the carving knife. A great, sharp chef's knife will do a passable job on either of these tasks, but these specialty knives do come in handy from time to time. Shun has such commitment to [http://www.guardian.Co.uk/search?q=generating generating] very good knives that they do not have to have to serrate their blades. The wooden handles are carved from PakkaWood which is a naturally black hinted wood, and all of Shun Elite knives are hand crafted (quite an accolade in this day and age) and come with a lifetime assure! So, if you want to increase your steak consuming expertise, you ought to verify out these Shun Elite Steak knives on Amazon ! This is the knife that serious cooks will not part with.