7 Arietis - Revision history

en>Lam-ang: first→first1

2014-11-02T06:35:42Z

first→first1

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	~~In [[mathematics]], the '''Daniell integral''' is a type of integration that generalizes the concept of more elementary versions such as the [[Riemann integral]] to which students are typically~~ first ~~introduced~~. ~~One of the main difficulties with the traditional formulation of the [[Lebesgue integral]]~~ is ~~that~~ it ~~requires the initial development of a workable measure theory before any useful results for the integral can be obtained. However, an alternative approach~~ is ~~available, developed by {{harvs\|txt\|authorlink=Percy John Daniell \|first= Percy J. \|last=Daniell\|year= 1918}} that does~~ not ~~suffer from this deficiency, and has a few significant advantages over~~ the ~~traditional formulation, especially as the integral~~ is ~~generalized into higher dimensional spaces and further generalizations such as the [[Stieltjes integral]]. The basic idea involves the [[axiomatization]] of the integral.~~		Let me first begin by introducing myself. My name is Boyd Butts although it is not the name on my beginning certification. What I adore doing is playing baseball but I haven't made a dime with it. My day job is a meter reader. Years ago we moved to Puerto Rico and my family enjoys it.<br><br>Here is my web site ... [http://drupal.12thirty4.com/gmaps/node/4991 std testing at home]

	~~==The Daniell axioms==~~
	~~We start by choosing a family <math>H</math> of bounded real functions (called~~ '~~'elementary functions'') defined over some set <math>X</math>, that satisfies these two axioms:~~

	~~:1. <math>H</math> is~~ a ~~linear space~~ with ~~the usual operations of addition and scalar multiplication.~~
	~~:2. If a function <math>h(x)</math> is in <math>H</math>, so is its [[absolute value]] <math>\|h(x)\|</math>~~.

	~~In addition, every function ''h'' in ''H''~~ is ~~assigned~~ a ~~real number <math>Ih</math>, which is called the ''elementary integral'' of ''h'', satisfying these three axioms:~~

	:1. ~~Linearity. If ''h'' and ''k'' are both in H, and <math>\alpha</math> and <math>\beta</math> are any two real numbers, then <math>I(\alpha h + \beta k) = \alpha Ih + \beta Ik</math>.~~
	~~:2. Nonnegativity. If <math>h(x) \ge 0</math>, then <math>Ih \ge 0</math>.~~
	:3. Continuity. If <math>h_n(x)</math> is a nonincreasing sequence (i.e. <math>h_1 \ge \cdots \ge h_k \ge \cdots</math>) of functions in <math>H</math> that converges to 0 for all <math>x</math> in <math>X</math>, then <math>Ih_n \to ~~0</math>.~~

	~~That is, we define a continuous non-negative [[linear functional]] <math>I</math> over the space of elementary functions.~~

	~~These elementary functions and their elementary integrals may be any set of functions~~ and ~~definitions of integrals over these functions which satisfy these axioms. The~~ family of all [[step function]]s evidently satisfies the above axioms for elementary functions. Defining the elementary integral of the family of step functions as the (signed) area underneath a step function evidently satisfies the given axioms for an elementary integral. Applying the construction of the Daniell integral described further below using step functions as elementary functions produces a definition of an integral equivalent to the Lebesgue integral. Using the family of all [[continuous function]]s as the elementary functions and the traditional [[Riemann integral]] as the elementary integral is also possible, however, this will yield an integral that is also equivalent to Lebesgue's definition. Doing the same, but using the [[Riemann–Stieltjes integral]], along with an appropriate function of [[bounded variation]], gives a definition of integral equivalent to the [[Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral]].

	~~Sets of [[measure zero]] may be defined in terms of elementary functions as follows. A set~~ <~~math~~>Z<~~/math~~> ~~which~~ is a subset of <math>X</math> is a set of measure zero if for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, there exists a nondecreasing sequence of nonnegative elementary functions <math>h_p(x)</math> in ''H'' such that <math>Ih_p < \epsilon</math> and <math>
	~~\sup_p h_p(x) \ge 1~~
	~~</math> on <math>Z</math>~~.

	~~A set is called a set of [[full measure]] if its complement, relative to <math>X</math>, is a set of measure zero~~. ~~We say that if some property holds at every point of a set of full measure (or equivalently everywhere except on a set of measure zero), it holds~~ [~~[almost everywhere]].~~

	~~==Definition of the Daniell integral==~~
	We can then proceed to define a larger class of functions, based on our chosen elementary functions, the class <math>L^+</math>, which is the family of all functions that are the limit of a nondecreasing sequence <math>h_n</math> of elementary functions almost everywhere, such that the set of integrals <math>Ih_n</math> is bounded. The integral of a function <math>f</math> in <math>L^+</math> is defined as:

	~~:<math>If = \lim_{n \to \infty} Ih_n<~~/~~math>~~

	~~It can be shown that this definition of the integral is well-defined, i.e. it does not depend on the choice of sequence <math>h_n<~~/~~math>~~.

	However, the class <math>L^+</math> is in general not closed under subtraction and scalar multiplication by negative numbers, but we can further extend it by defining a wider class of functions <math>L</math> such that every function <math>\phi(x)</math> can be represented on a set of full measure as the difference <math>\phi = f - g</math>, for some functions <math>f</math> and <math>g</math> in the class <math>L^+</math>. ~~Then the integral of a function <math>\phi(x)<~~/~~math> can be defined as:~~

	~~:<math>\int_X \phi(x) dx = If - Ig\,<~~/~~math>~~

	~~Again, it may be shown that this integral is well-defined, i.e. it does not depend on the decomposition of <math>\phi<~~/~~math> into <math>f</math> and <math>g</math>. This is the final construction of the Daniell integral.~~

	~~==Properties==~~
	Nearly all of the important theorems in the traditional theory of the Lebesgue integral, such as [[Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem]], the [[Riesz–Fischer theorem]], [[Fatou's lemma]], and [[Fubini's theorem]] may also readily be proved using this construction. Its properties are identical to the traditional Lebesgue integral.

	~~==Measures from the Daniell integral==~~
	Because of the natural correspondence between sets and functions, it is also possible to use the Daniell integral to construct a [[measure theory]]. If we take the [[Indicator function\|characteristic function]] <math>\chi(x)</math> of some set, then its integral may be taken as the measure of the set. This definition of measure based on the Daniell integral can be shown to be equivalent to the traditional [[Lebesgue measure]].

	~~==Advantages over the traditional formulation==~~
	This method of constructing the general integral has a few advantages over the traditional method of Lebesgue, particularly in the field of [[functional analysis]]. The Lebesgue and Daniell constructions are equivalent, as pointed out above, if ordinary finite-valued step functions are chosen as elementary functions. However, as one tries to extend the definition of the integral into more complex domains (e.g. attempting to define the integral of a [[linear functional]]), one runs into practical difficulties using Lebesgue's construction that are alleviated with the Daniell approach.

	~~The Polish mathematician [[Jan Mikusinski]] has made an alternative and more natural formulation of Daniell integration by using the notion of absolutely convergent series. His formulation works for~~
	[[Bochner integral]] (Lebesgue integral for mappings taking values in [[Banach space]]s). Mikusinski's lemma allows one to define integral without mentioning [[null set]]s. He also proved change of variables theorem for multiple integral for Bochner integrals and Fubini's theorem for Bochner integrals using Daniell integration. The book by Asplund and Bungart carries a lucid treatment of this approach for real valued functions. It also offers a proof of an abstract [[Radon–Nikodym theorem]] using [[Daniell–Mikusinski approach]].

	~~==See also==~~
	* [[Lebesgue integral]]
	* [[Riemann integral]]
	* [[Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration]]

	~~==References==~~
	*{{Citation \| last1=Daniell \| first1=P. J. \| title=A General Form of Integral \| jstor=1967495 \| publisher=Annals of Mathematics \| series=Second Series \| year=1918 \| journal=[[Annals of Mathematics]] \| issn=0003-486X \| volume=19 \| issue=4 \| pages= 279–294}}
	*Daniell, Percy John, 1919, "Integrals in an infinite number of dimensions," ''Annals of Mathematics'' '''20''': 281–88.
	*Daniell, Percy John, 1919, "Functions of limited variation in an infinite number of dimensions," ''Annals of Mathematics'' '''21''': 30–38.
	*Daniell, Percy John, 1920, "Further properties of the general integral," ''Annals of Mathematics'' '''21''': 203–20.
	*Daniell, Percy John, 1921, "Integral products and probability," ''[[American Journal of Mathematics]]'' '''43''': 143–62.
	*Royden, H. L., 1988. ''Real Analysis'', 3rd. ed. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-02-946620-9.
	*Shilov, G. E., and Gurevich, B. L., 1978. ''Integral, Measure, and Derivative: A Unified Approach'', Richard A. Silverman, trans. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-63519-8.
	*Asplund Edgar and Bungart Lutz, 1966 -"A first course in Integration" - Holt, Rinehart and Winston
	~~library of congress catalog card number-66-10122~~
	*{{eom\|id=D/d030110\|first=V. I. \|last=Sobolev}}
	*Taylor A.E, 1965, "General Theory of Functions and Integration" -I edition -Blaisdell Publishing Company- library of congress catalog card number- 65-14566

	~~{{integral}}~~

	~~[[Category:Definitions of mathematical integration]~~]

en>Trappist the monk: /* References */Fix CS1 deprecated date parameter errors (test) using AWB

2014-01-12T15:01:44Z

References: Fix CS1 deprecated date parameter errors (test) using AWB

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:01, 12 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Myrtle Benny~~ is ~~how I'm known~~ as and ~~I really feel comfy when people use~~ the ~~full name~~. ~~One~~ of the ~~issues he enjoys most~~ is ~~ice skating but he~~ is ~~struggling~~ to ~~find time~~ for it. ~~California~~ is ~~our birth location~~. ~~For years I~~'~~ve been operating~~ as a ~~payroll clerk~~.<br><br>~~Have~~ a ~~look~~ at ~~my webpage;~~ [~~http~~://~~www~~.~~animecontent~~.~~com~~/~~blog~~/~~349119 www~~.~~animecontent~~.~~com~~]		In [[mathematics]], the '''Daniell integral''' is a type of integration that generalizes the concept of more elementary versions such as the [[Riemann integral]] to which students are typically first introduced. One of the main difficulties with the traditional formulation of the [[Lebesgue integral]] is that it requires the initial development of a workable measure theory before any useful results for the integral can be obtained. However, an alternative approach is available, developed by {{harvs\|txt\|authorlink=Percy John Daniell \|first= Percy J. \|last=Daniell\|year= 1918}} that does not suffer from this deficiency, and has a few significant advantages over the traditional formulation, especially as the integral is generalized into higher dimensional spaces and further generalizations such as the [[Stieltjes integral]]. The basic idea involves the [[axiomatization]] of the integral.

			==The Daniell axioms==
			We start by choosing a family <math>H</math> of bounded real functions (called ''elementary functions'') defined over some set <math>X</math>, that satisfies these two axioms:

			:1. <math>H</math> is a linear space with the usual operations of addition and scalar multiplication.
			:2. If a function <math>h(x)</math> is in <math>H</math>, so is its [[absolute value]] <math>\|h(x)\|</math>.

			In addition, every function ''h'' in ''H'' is assigned a real number <math>Ih</math>, which is called the ''elementary integral'' of ''h'', satisfying these three axioms:

			:1. Linearity. If ''h'' and ''k'' are both in H, and <math>\alpha</math> and <math>\beta</math> are any two real numbers, then <math>I(\alpha h + \beta k) = \alpha Ih + \beta Ik</math>.
			:2. Nonnegativity. If <math>h(x) \ge 0</math>, then <math>Ih \ge 0</math>.
			:3. Continuity. If <math>h_n(x)</math> is a nonincreasing sequence (i.e. <math>h_1 \ge \cdots \ge h_k \ge \cdots</math>) of functions in <math>H</math> that converges to 0 for all <math>x</math> in <math>X</math>, then <math>Ih_n \to 0</math>.

			That is, we define a continuous non-negative [[linear functional]] <math>I</math> over the space of elementary functions.

			These elementary functions and their elementary integrals may be any set of functions and definitions of integrals over these functions which satisfy these axioms. The family of all [[step function]]s evidently satisfies the above axioms for elementary functions. Defining the elementary integral of the family of step functions as the (signed) area underneath a step function evidently satisfies the given axioms for an elementary integral. Applying the construction of the Daniell integral described further below using step functions as elementary functions produces a definition of an integral equivalent to the Lebesgue integral. Using the family of all [[continuous function]]s as the elementary functions and the traditional [[Riemann integral]] as the elementary integral is also possible, however, this will yield an integral that is also equivalent to Lebesgue's definition. Doing the same, but using the [[Riemann–Stieltjes integral]], along with an appropriate function of [[bounded variation]], gives a definition of integral equivalent to the [[Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral]].

			Sets of [[measure zero]] may be defined in terms of elementary functions as follows. A set <math>Z</math> which is a subset of <math>X</math> is a set of measure zero if for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, there exists a nondecreasing sequence of nonnegative elementary functions <math>h_p(x)</math> in ''H'' such that <math>Ih_p < \epsilon</math> and <math>
			\sup_p h_p(x) \ge 1
			</math> on <math>Z</math>.

			A set is called a set of [[full measure]] if its complement, relative to <math>X</math>, is a set of measure zero. We say that if some property holds at every point of a set of full measure (or equivalently everywhere except on a set of measure zero), it holds [[almost everywhere]].

			==Definition of the Daniell integral==
			We can then proceed to define a larger class of functions, based on our chosen elementary functions, the class <math>L^+</math>, which is the family of all functions that are the limit of a nondecreasing sequence <math>h_n</math> of elementary functions almost everywhere, such that the set of integrals <math>Ih_n</math> is bounded. The integral of a function <math>f</math> in <math>L^+</math> is defined as:

			:<math>If = \lim_{n \to \infty} Ih_n</math>

			It can be shown that this definition of the integral is well-defined, i.e. it does not depend on the choice of sequence <math>h_n</math>.

			However, the class <math>L^+</math> is in general not closed under subtraction and scalar multiplication by negative numbers, but we can further extend it by defining a wider class of functions <math>L</math> such that every function <math>\phi(x)</math> can be represented on a set of full measure as the difference <math>\phi = f - g</math>, for some functions <math>f</math> and <math>g</math> in the class <math>L^+</math>. Then the integral of a function <math>\phi(x)</math> can be defined as:

			:<math>\int_X \phi(x) dx = If - Ig\,</math>

			Again, it may be shown that this integral is well-defined, i.e. it does not depend on the decomposition of <math>\phi</math> into <math>f</math> and <math>g</math>. This is the final construction of the Daniell integral.

			==Properties==
			Nearly all of the important theorems in the traditional theory of the Lebesgue integral, such as [[Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem]], the [[Riesz–Fischer theorem]], [[Fatou's lemma]], and [[Fubini's theorem]] may also readily be proved using this construction. Its properties are identical to the traditional Lebesgue integral.

			==Measures from the Daniell integral==
			Because of the natural correspondence between sets and functions, it is also possible to use the Daniell integral to construct a [[measure theory]]. If we take the [[Indicator function\|characteristic function]] <math>\chi(x)</math> of some set, then its integral may be taken as the measure of the set. This definition of measure based on the Daniell integral can be shown to be equivalent to the traditional [[Lebesgue measure]].

			==Advantages over the traditional formulation==
			This method of constructing the general integral has a few advantages over the traditional method of Lebesgue, particularly in the field of [[functional analysis]]. The Lebesgue and Daniell constructions are equivalent, as pointed out above, if ordinary finite-valued step functions are chosen as elementary functions. However, as one tries to extend the definition of the integral into more complex domains (e.g. attempting to define the integral of a [[linear functional]]), one runs into practical difficulties using Lebesgue's construction that are alleviated with the Daniell approach.

			The Polish mathematician [[Jan Mikusinski]] has made an alternative and more natural formulation of Daniell integration by using the notion of absolutely convergent series. His formulation works for
			[[Bochner integral]] (Lebesgue integral for mappings taking values in [[Banach space]]s). Mikusinski's lemma allows one to define integral without mentioning [[null set]]s. He also proved change of variables theorem for multiple integral for Bochner integrals and Fubini's theorem for Bochner integrals using Daniell integration. The book by Asplund and Bungart carries a lucid treatment of this approach for real valued functions. It also offers a proof of an abstract [[Radon–Nikodym theorem]] using [[Daniell–Mikusinski approach]].

			==See also==
			* [[Lebesgue integral]]
			* [[Riemann integral]]
			* [[Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration]]

			==References==
			*{{Citation \| last1=Daniell \| first1=P. J. \| title=A General Form of Integral \| jstor=1967495 \| publisher=Annals of Mathematics \| series=Second Series \| year=1918 \| journal=[[Annals of Mathematics]] \| issn=0003-486X \| volume=19 \| issue=4 \| pages= 279–294}}
			*Daniell, Percy John, 1919, "Integrals in an infinite number of dimensions," ''Annals of Mathematics'' '''20''': 281–88.
			*Daniell, Percy John, 1919, "Functions of limited variation in an infinite number of dimensions," ''Annals of Mathematics'' '''21''': 30–38.
			*Daniell, Percy John, 1920, "Further properties of the general integral," ''Annals of Mathematics'' '''21''': 203–20.
			*Daniell, Percy John, 1921, "Integral products and probability," ''[[American Journal of Mathematics]]'' '''43''': 143–62.
			*Royden, H. L., 1988. ''Real Analysis'', 3rd. ed. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-02-946620-9.
			*Shilov, G. E., and Gurevich, B. L., 1978. ''Integral, Measure, and Derivative: A Unified Approach'', Richard A. Silverman, trans. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-63519-8.
			*Asplund Edgar and Bungart Lutz, 1966 -"A first course in Integration" - Holt, Rinehart and Winston
			library of congress catalog card number-66-10122
			*{{eom\|id=D/d030110\|first=V. I. \|last=Sobolev}}
			*Taylor A.E, 1965, "General Theory of Functions and Integration" -I edition -Blaisdell Publishing Company- library of congress catalog card number- 65-14566

			{{integral}}

			[[Category:Definitions of mathematical integration]]

en>RJHall: Correct category

2012-08-12T23:27:43Z

Correct category

New page

Myrtle Benny is how I'm known as and I really feel comfy when people use the full name. One of the issues he enjoys most is ice skating but he is struggling to find time for it. California is our birth location. For years I've been operating as a payroll clerk.<br><br>Have a look at my webpage; [http://www.animecontent.com/blog/349119 www.animecontent.com]