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In [[topology]], the [[cartesian product]] of [[topological space]]s can be given several different topologies. One of the more obvious choices is the '''box topology''', where a [[Base (topology)|base]] is given by the Cartesian products of open sets in the component spaces.<ref> Willard, 8.2 pp. 52–53,</ref> Another possibility is the [[product topology]], where a base is given by the Cartesian products of open sets in the component spaces, only finitely many of which cannot equal the entire component space.

While the box topology has a somewhat more intuitive definition than the product topology, it satisfies fewer desirable properties. In particular, if all the component spaces are [[compact space|compact]], the box topology on their Cartesian product will not necessarily be compact, although the product topology on their Cartesian product will always be compact. In general, the box topology is [[finer topology|finer]] than the product topology, although the two agree in the case of [[wiktionary:finite|finite]] direct products (or when all but finitely many of the factors are [[trivial topology|trivial]]).

==Definition==
Given <math>X</math> such that

:<math>X := \prod_{i \in I} X_i,</math>

or the (possibly infinite) Cartesian product of the topological spaces <math>X_i</math>, [[index set|indexed]] by <math>i \in I</math>, the '''box topology''' on <math>X</math> is generated by the [[basis (topology)|base]]

:<math>B = \left\{ \prod_{i \in I} U_i \Big| U_i \text{ open in } X_i \right\}.</math>

The name ''box'' comes from the case of '''R'''''n'', the basis sets look like boxes or unions thereof.

==Properties==

Box topology on '''R'''''ω'':<ref>Steen, Seebach, 109. pp. 128–129.</ref>

* The box topology is [[completely regular]]

* The box topology is neither [[compact space|compact]] nor [[Connection (mathematics)|connected]]

* The box topology is not [[first countable]] (hence not [[metrizable]])

* The box topology is not [[separable space|separable]]

* The box topology is [[paracompact]] (and hence normal and completely regular) if the [[continuum hypothesis]] is true

===Example - Failure at continuity===
The following example is based on the [[Hilbert cube]]. Let '''R'''''ω'' denote the countable cartesian product of '''R''' with itself, i.e. the set of all [[sequence]]s in '''R'''. Equip '''R''' with the [[Real_line#As_a_topological_space|standard topology]] and '''R'''''ω'' with the box topology. Let ''f'' : '''R''' → '''R'''''ω'' be the product map whose components are all the identity, i.e. ''f''(''x'') = (''x'', ''x'', ''x'', ...). Although each component function is continuous, ''f'' is not continuous. To see this, consider the open set ''U'' = Π{{su|b=''n''=1|p=∞}}(-1⁄''n'' ,1⁄''n''). Since ''f''(0) = (0, 0, 0, ...)∈''U'', if ''f'' were continuous, then there would exist some ''ε''>0 such that (-''ε'', ''ε'')∈''f''−1(''U''). But this would imply that ''f''(''ε''⁄2)=(''ε''⁄2, ''ε''⁄2, ''ε''⁄2, ...)∈''U'' which is false since ''ε''⁄2 > 1⁄''n'' for ''n'' > ⌈2⁄''ε''⌉. Thus ''f'' is not continuous even though all its component functions are.

===Example - Failure at compactness===
Consider the countable product <math>X = \prod X_i</math> where for each ''i'', <math>X_i = \{0,1\}</math> with the discrete topology. The box topology on <math>X</math> will also be the discrete topology. Consider the sequence <math>\{x_n\}_{n=1}^\infty</math> given by
:<math>(x_n)_m=\begin{cases}
0 & m < n \\
1 & m \ge n
\end{cases}</math>
Since no two points in the sequence are the same, the sequence has no limit point, and therefore <math>X</math> is not compact, even though its component spaces are.

===Intuitive Description of Convergence; Comparisons===
Topologies are often best understood by describing how sequences converge. In general, a cartesian product of a space ''X'' with itself over an [[index set|indexing set]] ''S'' is precisely the space of functions from ''S'' to ''X''; the product topology yields the topology of [[pointwise convergence]]; sequences of functions [[limit of a function|converge]] if and only if they converge at every point of ''S''. The box topology, once again due to its great profusion of open sets, makes convergence very hard. One way to visualize the convergence in this topology is to think of functions from '''R''' to '''R''' — a sequence of functions converges to a function ''f'' in the box topology if, when looking at the graph of ''f'', given any set of "hoops", that is, vertical open intervals surrounding the graph of ''f'' above every point on the ''x''-axis, eventually, every function in the sequence "jumps through all the hoops." For functions on '''R''' this looks a lot like [[uniform convergence]], in which case all the "hoops", once chosen, must be the same size. But in this case one can make the hoops arbitrarily small, so one can see intuitively how "hard" it is for sequences of functions to converge. The hoop picture works for convergence in the product topology as well: here we only require all the functions to jump through any given ''finite'' set of hoops. This stems directly from the fact that, in the product topology, [[almost all]] the factors in a basic open set are the whole space. Interestingly, this is actually equivalent to requiring all functions to eventually jump through just a ''single'' given hoop; this is just the definition of pointwise convergence.

{{Confusing|section|date=November 2012}}

==Comparison with product topology==

The basis sets in the product topology have almost the same definition as the above, ''except'' with the qualification that ''all but finitely many'' ''Ui'' are equal to the component space ''Xi''. The product topology satisfies a very desirable property for maps ''fi'' : ''Y'' → ''Xi'' into the component spaces: the product map ''f'': ''Y'' → ''X'' defined by the component functions ''fi'' is [[continuous function (topology)|continuous]] if and only if all the ''fi'' are continuous. As shown above, this does not always hold in the box topology. This actually makes the box topology very useful for providing [[counterexample]]s — many qualities such as [[compact space|compactness]], [[connected space|connectedness]], metrizability, etc., if possessed by the factor spaces, are not in general preserved in the product with this topology. 

==See also==
* [[Cylinder set]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [[Lynn Arthur Steen|Steen, Lynn A.]] and [[J. Arthur Seebach, Jr.|Seebach, J. Arthur Jr.]]; ''[[Counterexamples in Topology]]'', Holt, Rinehart and Winston (1970). ISBN 0030794854.
*{{cite book | author=Willard, Stephen | title=General Topology | publisher=Dover Publications | year=2004 | id=ISBN 0-486-43479-6}}

==External links==
* {{planetmath reference|id=3095|title=Box topology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Box Topology}}
[[Category:Topological spaces]]
[[Category:Binary operations]]

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